“Of Mice and Men” A comparison between the book and film Essay

The similarity between the book and the film â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is most evident. Even so, there are a few differences, some insignificant and other crucial. However, in the majority of the scenes, the dialogs are taken literally from the book. The first difference appears in the introduction of the film. The book starts by describing the surrounding landscape of the Salinas Valley where Lennie and George spend the night by the river. We learn that Lennie is mentally challenged and how this affected their stay at the farm where they previously worked. The film starts, however, by showing Lennie and George escaping from this farm and their journey to Salinas Valley. Another difference that I noticed is concerning Curley’s wife. In the book there is a scene where Lennie, Candy and Crooks are gathered in Crooks’ room. After a while, Curley’s wife emerges and the atmosphere becomes unpleasant. Crooks finds the courage to stand up against her, and when he does, she verbally breaks him down. In the movie this scene never takes place, and by eliminating this incident Curley’s wife’s destructive nature stays unrevealed. The scene where George is about to shoot Lennie is also different in the film than in the book. In the book this episode is long and George has a hard time shooting Lennie. I get the impression that George is hesitating and unsure if this is the right thing to do. In the film the scene is much shorter and George appears considerably more secure . The movie ends with a scene where George and Lennie work together on the little farm that they where planning to buy. This is not in the book at all. Other scenes that were left out in the movie:The scene where Lennie has hallucinations about a giant rabbit and his aunt Clara. The scene after George has killed Lennie. In the book Slim comforts George by taking him for a drink. And the scene where Candy comes into the room when Lennie and Crooks are talking about the little farm they are buying. In the film Crooks never finds out about the little farm. In my opinion both the film and the book has its flaws. In the film some crucial scenes are removed, but I thought that the characters in the movie were better than in the book. In the book, I liked neither George nor Lennie. I got the impression that George was a sensitive and kind man. He always watched over Lennie and tried do the right thing. In the film George is everything he is in the book, but he is also a wise man who people can seek advice from. He has an inquisitive and contemplating look about him. I also liked Lennie better in the movie. In the book he was just a mentally challenged character, but in the film he becomes a person with real feelings and I understand his actions on another level. I believe that this would be a better film if they had shortened it. It seems to me that the film is an unnecessarily prolonged version of the book. On the other hand, taking to many liberties when adapting this modern classic into a film would not be a smart thing to do.. Even so, I still think that the filmmakers should have left out some insignificant scenes. The story however, is brilliant; the irony in the end where George kills Lennie out of love, how the story is composed of four major issues,(the value of dreams and goals, moral responsibility, social injustice, and the bond of friendship and loyalty,) and how loneliness is one of the main emotions. The story is brilliant and genius, and only an outstanding writer like John Stenbeck can create a masterpiece like this.

Gender and Emotions: Different Gender Shows Different Emotional Behavior Essay

Based from my observations, men are more action-based while women are more verbal-based when it comes to expressing their emotions. Women tend to misunderstand men because men tend to keep most of their emotions to themselves. They usually express their emotions through actions. Women sometimes, if not regularly, ask the questions–‘how are you doing,’ ‘what are you thinking,’ or ‘why are you doing this/that’–when the one they’re talking to suddenly became quiet or, simply, just to start a conversation. Some men find it sweet in some way if a woman ask them these questions but commonly men find it a nuisance especially, when it’s been asked repeatedly. Women, even the quiet ones, are talkative when the topic of the conversation is about expressing emotions or, simply, share experiences. They always search for someone that would listen to them whether the person they found is a man or a woman. If a man were to listen, they would usually hold back their emotions while a woman is pouring out hers. In expressing emotions, men act while women talk their feelings. Firstly, what is gender? According to the Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language: International Edition, gender, as a noun, is the â€Å"classification of words†¦according to the sex of the referent† (Webster’s, 1994). Gender classifies a person or an animal as male or female. In human, it classifies the person as a man or woman, boy or girl, or, male or female. Mainly, gender is what differentiates men from women. Secondly, what is emotion? According to Kendra Cherry, a writer specialized in psychology, child development and education and author of the article â€Å"Theories of Emotion: Major Theories in Emotion† in Emotion, stated that, â€Å"emotions exert and incredibly powerful force on human behavior† (Cherry, 2005). This statement is true. What a person feels can affect the quality of the work done in the workplace or in the school. Emotions can also have its effect during a family time especially, when negative emotions arise. When such emotions occur, people start making mistakes, being absent-minded, ignoring a person’s call, and many more. According to the authors of the book, General Psychology: Fourth Edition, emotion is a â€Å"response† of the individual which â€Å"involves changes† internally and externally. It is described as a â€Å"complex process involving minute physiological, neural, and glandular changes† in the whole body (2004, p. 180). These state that emotions cause a process to occur which involves socializing with others to get a feedback from them. Once a feedback had been received, the body will be stimulated to show the emotion of the person on the topic or on the situation. To simplify what is emotion, emotion serves as a glimpse into a person’s behavior through the changes occurred or is occurring in the body. Lastly, what is emotional behavior? Based on the book, General Psychology: Fourth Edition, â€Å"†¦communicating an emotion like the use of the hands and body movements, and gestures; but people seem to pay greater attention to facial expression† (2004, p. 183). This statement states that any movement that the body does show the person’s emotion at that moment whether knows of it or not. The human body speaks of what emotion is being kept inside such as anger, fear, jealous, joy, lonely, love, sadness, and surprise. These emotions are characterized with recognizable gestures of the human body such as–in joy, smiling is a sign that a person is joyful; in sadness, teardrops will fall, and many more. To put it in short terms, emotional behavior is described as expressing the emotion through the use of the body or parts of it. In this research paper, comparison and contrast will be conducted between men and women on how they show some of the emotions mentioned before. It will enlighten the reader’s knowledge on how the opposite gender may react on specific situations. It will also give the reader a small glimpse into the emotional aspect of the opposite gender. This research paper can serve as a guide in dealing emotions not only that of the reader’s but also that of others. I. Anger Anger, according to Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language: International Edition, is an emotion that shows â€Å"rage or passionate displeasure† (Webster’s, 1994). This means that anger is an intense emotion which might result to injuries. Even though it is an intense emotion, it can be prevented. Men and women show anger in an almost similar way. They only differ in the time it takes for them to go destructive at each other. Whether the person is a man or a woman, anger can still be a dangerous emotion. From the Christian Community Bible: Fourth Edition, the verse, James 1:20, states â€Å"for human anger does not fulfill the justice of God† (Bible, 1990). This verse tells that if a person is nurturing anger, eventually, this will cause that person to commit a sin or, as people would call it, a crime. Once, my high school teacher, Teacher Beverly Sumpio, had said, â€Å"Satan’s minions take pleasure on people with negative feelings by manipulating and causing them to stray away from the path that God has chosen for them† (Sumpio, 2008). This quotation states that Satan’s minions don’t waste time when a person is absorbing a negative emotion because it’s like food and entertainment for them. When a person is angry, there is a great possibility that the emotion can’t be compressed inside. If this were to happen, expressing anger shows shouting at others, destruction of things, and even, hurting their selves or others. In short, anger is a negative emotion that may cause destructions. Through my observation, men tend to release their anger by acting them out like the scenes from the movies such as punching a wall, kicking garbage cans, and even to the extent of almost destroying his room. But, these are just on non-human things. Things may get ugly when people are used as punching bags for an angry man and even worst if women are victimized by this anger. But, here’s one thing, most men would feel much better after releasing their rage on something. If men were to feel slightly angry, then they can compress it to themselves and hide it until surpasses. Therefore, men express their intense anger by acting it out so that they wouldn’t harm themselves even more than that of expressing them. When it comes to women and their anger, women are more into talking or rather shouting them out. Based on my own experience, when women are angry with each other, they talk it out with each other. If the person who is angered upon is not present, talking about the anger that one has with other people is almost like backstabbing. After telling a few persons and giving time to calm their selves, eventually, the anger will subside. In a fiery conversation, women both cry and shout at each other. The worst case scenario in a conversation is that when women start to tag at each others’ hair and rolling over each other because of the anger they felt. When things get out of control, women would become destructive in a way like throwing anything they could reach anywhere, shouting from the top of their lungs, and possibly, causing to carry a grudge at the person angered upon. As much s possible, women avoid conflicts because it takes a very long time to forget about the anger completely. According to Dr. Israel Helfand, a Vermont marriage and family therapist and author of the article â€Å"What Lies Behind the Anger of Men? †, stated that when men were boys, they were taught that showing anger is â€Å"unacceptable† especially when a woman is present (Helfand, 1992). If a man and a woman are an gry at each other, at first, the fight will start by talking. Then, it will quickly develop into a fiery conversation where both of them started to shout at each other. When the man feels like he is losing the fight, he has two choices to choose upon–to walk out or to raise his hand. If he chooses to walk out then he is not only saving his dignity as a man but also saving the woman. Why is he able to save the woman? It’s because scars and bruises wouldn’t appear and her dignity as a woman will also be saved. In a fight between a man and a woman, the man usually acts as the off-switch of the fight because it takes more fuel to make a woman engaged into a destructive kind of anger than that of a man. II. Fear  Based from the Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language: International Edition, fear is the â€Å"instinctive emotion† when a person is faced by â€Å"danger, pain or evil† (Webster’s, 1994). This statement means that fear can be seen when a specific situation happens. An example is when a boy is chased by a barking dog. Instincts would tell him to run or be bitten. In the end, the boy would run as fast as he can to avoid being bitten because he knows that it’ll hurt when he gets bitten. Fear strikes when the human mind knows that something bad will happen. As a result, it will instruct the body to avoid that something. In short, fear is the emotion that one feels when one is threaten. When men are faced with something that they fear, they try to hide it as much as possible. They don’t want anybody to see them frightened because they’re afraid of what people would say especially, when women are around. People would say that the man is weak when he gets scared of things. That’s why they chose to hide it or face their fear even for a moment. Men fear many things. Commonly, when men are afraid, they look pale, shiver in place, stop moving and sometimes, deny fear but the tone of their voices give the int of fear in them. They are not exempted of having this emotion because of their masculinity or toughness. Aside from God, there are varieties of fear. There are men who are afraid of going into a relationship because they fear rejection and responsibility. In the presence of a woman, they certainly don’t allow themselves to show fear because the woman might be disappointed if a man is displaying this. Men are careful when to show their fear in something. But, phobias are understandable because even men can’t hide fear when this type of fear is faced. Therefore, even men are sometimes afraid. According to â€Å"ABC’s of the Human Mind† from Reader’s Digest, in a woman’s case, fear can serve as â€Å"a protective device† (Digest’s, 2006). Why? It is because women don’t like to be hurt so they avoid things that might hurt them. This may show that women are always thinking about themselves but the truth is that women are just taking precautionary measures. When faced by their fear, women would froze in place, would cry their eyes out, would look pale as a ghost, would hardly breath, would run or get away as they could, or, the most common reaction, would scream on the top of their lungs then panic might take place. Women are very careful in choosing situations. They think of the consequences and the out come of the situation. If the outcome is to be hurt full on her side then she would avoid that situation. There are women who also try to hide their fear by acting tough. But, the truth is that deep inside their scared to the bones. An example of this situation is when a mother and a daughter got kidnapped. Now, this situation is commonly seen in several movies. The mother would try not to cry in fear in front of her daughter while the daughter is crying pools of tears. In truth, the mother is as scared as the daughter. But, she can’t show it because she knows that crying would increase the fear that is felt by her daughter. Therefore, the mother would compress her fear and tell her daughter that everything is going to be all right even though it’s not. To simplify everything, women uses fear to protect themselves and others. Fear is an emotion that might be triggered suddenly. Like it was stated earlier, fear is instinctive. When in fear, the human mind may take control of the human body. It can cause the body to move whether you want to or not. In handling fear, men are better in hiding it while women react at the very moment by either screaming or panicking. Men are more composed while women may breakdown. In an unexpected situation, such as being held at gunpoint by a burglar, men are more likely to fight back because it’s how they react. Women, on the other hand, would gladly give the things that the burglar is asking for to avoid being hurt. Men are quiet about their fearful experiences while women tell theirs to others who are interested in hearing. Therefore, fear is an emotion that everyone feels when something bad is going to happen. Men quiet down while women chatter more. III. Jealousy Jealousy, as the Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language: International Edition defines, is a â€Å"state of fear, suspicion or envy caused by a real or imagined threat or challenge to one’s possessive instincts† (Webster’s, 1994). This definition shows that jealousy is a mix of several emotions. A person may feel jealous if something important is being taken away little by little. Jealousy shows up when it involves two persons generally in lovers. Men and women usually try to hide this emotion especially when there’s a relationship involve between the two since jealousy shows that they have little trust at each other and it may cause the destruction of the relationship. In other words, jealousy is born when the person’s possessiveness over something is at stake. In my observations, jealousy takes a toll in men’s emotional state. The most obvious cause of jealousy for men is the redirecting of attention of the woman he loves. If jealousy is mild then they try to hide it. But, some men cope by acting them out. Like swaying back and forth, walking away from the scene, or turning away. Another coping mechanism of men is the devotion of his time, effort and attention on something else just to take his mind off the things that makes him jealous. If the woman he loves is mingling with other men, regardless if these men are friends of his or not, and he suddenly changes his attitude and tone of talking, then chances are that he is jealous. To avoid a man’s jealousy, the woman he loves should mingle less with other men aside from him. If jealousy has already grown then stopping its development is to say simple ‘sorry. If the woman knows that the man is jealous because of her actions then she would mingle with him more. By noticing what he does, poking his tickle areas, making him smile and even to the extent of being annoying might be enough to make him forget the jealousy. By doing these things, it can give attention and a sense of importance which he longs for. These factors are no t fixed because it depends on the situation and the personality of the person involved. In short, jealousy is obvious in men but that’s from what I observed. Based from my observations and experiences, women can be jealous because of many things especially, when their husband or partner is involved. When men ask permission from their wife or partner to go out with some friends, women would usually say these statements: ‘sure, go ahead,’ ‘okay, I understand,’ or, ‘it’s your choice. ’ They’re all positive statements but hidden behind those words is the irritating feeling of jealousy. Having your husband or partner spending time with someone or something else is very irritating to the nerves. But, no matter how much women hide their feeling of jealousy, it still can be seen in their eyes. They know this, therefore, they try to avoid eye-contact and make themselves busy with other things. A woman’s jealousy can go away as quickly as it came by simply noticing what she has been doing, or, for a more effective result, by spending quality time with her. Making meals for her, cuddling her, or whispering sweet words in her ears would be the right mix of things to do to make her forget about her jealousy and, possibly, make her fall in love again. Women like these things because it makes them feel important. Then, every problem during the day would just go away within seconds. But, take note, don’t let the jealousy stay too long because develops through time. Therefore, the longer jealousy stays, the harder it goes away. That’s according to my observation but, like I stated earlier, it still depends on the personality of the person. According to Dr. Gail Saltz, a psychiatrist, she stated in her article â€Å"Jealousy: Is It the Same for Men and Women? † that â€Å"jealousy is an emotion all of us experience at some point in our lives† (Saltz, 2006). It’s true that all men and women experience jealousy whether it’s obvious to the eyes or not. Women would try to hide their jealousy by focusing on something else or by agreeing to what their husband or partner is trying to ask permission for. Men, on the other hand, are almost the same as women when they get jealous but their jealousy is somewhat obvious in some way. Therefore, men and women express jealousy in almost the same manner. IV. Love As the Webster’s Dictionary would show, love is â€Å"a powerful emotion† that one feels for another and develops with â€Å"deep affection, devotion or sexual desires† (Webster’s, 1994). This statement has been portrayed in many movies. Many drama or romantic movies portrayed love as the most powerful thing in the world and this is true. Love can either be a bad thing or a good thing in a person’s life. Having someone who inspires, motivates and cherishes you can cause you to improve your performance in work or in school. That’s the good thing about love. The bad thing is when you fall out of love. When you devoted most of your time and effort into your relationship then suddenly your relationship would fall apart, you might give up on things like school, work, family, and even to the point of giving up on living. Based from my high school teacher, Sir Oliver Samson, he stated â€Å"†¦don’t give a hundred percent in loving someone. Leave some for yourself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Samson, 2010). This statement means that you should also love yourself even not in the same percentage as you give to your partner. Because, loving yourself serves as a back up plan when your relationship would breakdown. In short, love is powerful that has good and bad effects. As stated before, men are action-based. They won’t say that they’re in love with a woman until they’re sure of it. But, before they confess their love, some simple signs would arise. Like getting jealous when the woman he loves is spending time with other men, trying to corner the woman to spend some quality time with her, joking around when in fact telling the truth, asking questions to the woman even though is not needed, giving his time when needed by the woman he loves even though he is very busy, doing just about anything to get noticed by that woman even to the extent of looking like a fool in front of everyone else, and sometimes, shying away when that woman comes close. Women find it difficult to tell whether he is serious of what he is saying especially, when he is a comedian type. A line from an anime series, Solty Rie, stated, â€Å"All jokes are composed of half true and half false. † This line is somewhat true because even a comedian puts some truth into his jokes. According to a friend, Jane Marie Tamayo, she quoted, â€Å"†¦even the smartest man can become a fool when it comes to love†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tamayo, 2006). What she stated was true because, like it was stated before, love is powerful. It can change a person completely. Love can turn a bad man into a good one. The change can be noticeable. An example of this change is when the man is smoking then he suddenly stops doing it because his wife or partner told him it’s bad for the both of them. There are men who do what their wife or partner told them to do. This is where what Sir Oliver Samson, my high school teacher, had said comes. â€Å"Treat your wife like a queen and she will treat you like a king† (Samson, 2009). This statement also shows that a man shows his love by giving his service to the woman he loves. By doing this, it also displays his devotion to her and to their relationship. Therefore, when men express their love, they show it and later on, they say it. In the topic of love, women, on the other hand, say that their in love with someone. They would usually tell it to their female friends first. Men, relationships and the love life of others are the most common topic that a circle of female friends would chatter about. This doesn’t mean that women are noisy about other people’s life. It only shows that women especially, those who are single, are searching for Mr. Right. But, this search isn’t a walk through a park. It’s like searching for something that you know it’s one in a billion. Even though that this search is that difficult, all women hoped for a fairytale love story as their love life. There are some women who think of love as nothing. But, the truth is that they too hoped for this kind of love story once in their life. They just haven’t found their story yet or they got hurt in the process of finding it. When a woman is in love, she would devote her time and effort to the man she loves and doesn’t expect to receive anything in return and sometimes, shows concern like a mother. Always wanting to know what he might be doing and if he is thinking of her. Some would shy away. Others would deny it but it’s plain to see that she’s in love with him. Sometimes, women act differently if that special guy in around. A good example of this statement is when a woman with a strong appetite would suddenly become unable to eat or become a slow eater when the guy she likes is in front of her or staring at her. Nowadays, the statement ‘I love you’ can be said to almost everyone. But, for women, there comes a time when saying ‘I love you’ to someone will become difficult to say or it can be said but only once to a specific person. To sum it, women say it and may act it but there are some women who would say that there in love although they can’t show it because they may not know how. So when a woman says ‘I love you’ to a man that she loves and really meant it, it can be seen in her eyes that she meant what she said. Love is a complex emotion. People can become fools because of it. When a man and a woman are in love with each other, they experience joy in having to see each other smile. But, why do many love couples experience break ups? One reason is the happiness of one of the said couple. This statement is applicable when one of the said couple is showing more sad expressions than that of happy ones. To further explain this statement, here is an example. A couple is spending some quality time together but one of them is not enjoying as much as the other. Let’s say the man is the one who is not enjoying much. The woman with him would think that ‘I’m boring to be with,’ ‘he’s not enjoying,’ ‘I guess he doesn’t like me anymore,’ or ‘he deserve someone better. These ideas not only pop up in the minds of women but in men as well. Most break ups are hurtful because the way of explaining is not clear even though the intentions are good. There are people who are satisfied in just loving someone from afar. They’re the ones that would sacrifice their own happiness just to see that special someone happy. In short, men are into showing the love th ey have while women are more telling their love. Conclusion In the emotions that had been discussed, men are more on showing than women. Women, on the other hand, are more open which means that they are more into talking. The time span that the emotion becomes noticeable is also different like in the first chapter, anger. Women are noticed immediately when angry but they are all talk. Men shout as well when in anger but they go destructive much quicker then women. In the second chapter entitled as fear, men are more skillful in hiding their fears or their experiences of it than women. Women would show fear and after experiencing it, they would talk about it. The third chapter which is jealousy is a very interest topic to tackle. The most common reaction of a jealous man is the sudden change in attitude. In women, it’s denial. The fourth and last chapter discussed was titled as love. Men don’t say but show that’s why women are sometimes get confused of what they might be doing and for what reasons. Women, on the other hand, normally say it and sometimes they put it as a joke but it’s really true. Like I stated in the beginning of this research paper, men are action-based and women are verbal-based.

Urban Planning Essay Proposal

PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON Assignment #5: Reviewed Proposal Zoe Pearce, 6777341 To: Zahra Azizi Urbs 240 1 PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON 2 This paper will examine the urban agriculture movement currently taking place in Detroit, Michigan and how it is having an effect on the city that the goals and motivations of historical planning initiatives strived to achieve.This paper will aim to shed light on why urban agriculture is an important and relevant new area to be studied and taken into consideration by governments and city planners for the betterment of future cities and the plans that will shape them. I will be utilizing the components of two styles of essay writing: compare and contrast; and categorize and explain.I will be comparing the desired outcomes and motivations that drove historical planning initiatives (of which I will explain in more detail to follow) t o the actual outcomes and effects that citizen-initiated urban agriculture is having on the communities and individual citizens in Detroit. I will ‘categorize’ by assigning each body paragraph a historical movement and explain each ones’ goals, then compare these to the outcomes witnessed in Detroit.This comparison reveals that the goals of famous and major historical planning initiatives are being fulfilled by the means of the movement of UA in Detroit, planners should use the findings of Detroit as a tool to understand how they can replicate it in other plans to stimulate similar results. I will begin by developing the contextual reasons for the movement in Detroit and stating facts gathered through research. This will include the population and job losses that occurred due to the decline of the car industry and how the led to the state the city is now in.I will then introduce what exactly is happening in Detroit in terms of urban agriculture (UA). This will le ad PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON 3 to the description of positive effects it is having on the citizens and communities. These include: health benefits, educational benefits, raising morale, job creation, self empowerment, safety, efficient use of space (Thibert, 2012).Many of these interrelate with each other, so I will be creating broader categories into which they will fit. Each category will be discussed individually in each body paragraph, but the later paragraphs will also draw conclusions that incorporate effects from earlier paragraphs – because many of the effects are interrelated. I have not decided exactly the order in which I will introduce the ideas, but knowing my own writing method, it will come together in the writing process. Cutting and pasting will surely be necessary.The historical planning initiatives I will be examining are as follows: City Beautiful, motivated by citizens at the individual level t o create healthy neighborhoods and happy citizens; Parks and Playground, motivated by getting children off the streets and into safer areas; Garden City, one of the various goals being earning revenue by efficiently placing agricultural work ‘close to the front doors’ of the workers; Henri Saint-Simon, who wanted to improve morale to create better societies (Booth, 1871; Howard, 1902; McArthur, 1975; Peterson, 2003).I will emphasize that the key points to be taken from my paper are not the means of how the initiatives were (intended to be) implemented, but the goals of why the initiative was created. I will conclude my paper by recapping my main arguments, and also stating the relevance of my findings. UA in Detroit is creating healthy, happier and safer communities and neighborhoods. This should be analyzed by city policy makers and urban planners to learn how this is happening and why so these positive effects can be replicated elsewhere in future plans.Lastly, I will mention the implications of this paper by mentioning the new attitude towards food PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON 4 and food culture that is being developed in Detroit, and that if it could be replicated elsewhere in the United States, it could have larger scale positive effects on the crisis of obesity. I began my research by exploring the Concordia Clues dada base, the e-journals Urban History, Planning Perspectives and the database Jstor. Initially I was only looking for information on urban agriculture in Detroit.It was difficult to find articles on this topic, so I watched the documentary ‘Urban Roots'. This gave me an understanding of the effects average citizens involved in UA felt. The academic quality of this source is not as important, because the information I will be taking from this source is not objective, rather it is subjective, qualitative opinions. I then spoke to the professor, Catherine Vandermeulen about my issues finding academic sources; she advised me about an excellent paper written by a PhD student and professional Urban Planner, Joel Thibert.His paper explained that the discipline of UA in North America is new and there is little literature on it. His paper is also based on interviews he personally conducted with citizens involved with UA and their opinions, so between the academic source and the documentary, I had found enough information for which to base my UA portion of the paper. Next I had to find the historical references. I already knew which concepts I wanted to discuss because of learning about them within the previous 2 months in the class this paper is to be submitted for.I used the same means of internet searching as I did for the initial Detroit search. I read through multiple articles on each movement until I found ones that thoroughly discussed the motivations and goals of the movements, and had the potential to be quoted. I made sure they came of reputab le sources. I knew already I would be using the actual text written by Ebenezer Howard, so I simply had to find that, which I did via Google Scholar. I PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON ound a biography on Henri Saint-Simon which is extremely in depth about his entire life, published by a reputable publisher. The specific sources chosen can be found in the reference section below. More detail on all of my sources can be found in my annotated bibliography. 5 PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON References Booth, J. A. (1871). Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism: A chapter in the history of socialism in France. London, England: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. Howard, E. (1902). Garden cities of to-morrow (pp. 9-29). Retrieved from openlibrary. rg/ books/OL20551099M/Garden_Cities_of_Tomorrow. McArthur, B. (1975). The Chicago playground movement: A neglected feature of social justice. Social Service Review, 49(3), 376-395. Peterson, J. A. (2003). The birth of city planning in the United States,1840-1917 (pp. 98-122). Balitmore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved from http://ohdl. handle. net. mercury. concordia. ca/2027/heb. 05838. 0001. 001. Thibert, J. (2012). Making local planing work for urban agriculture in the North American context: A view from the ground. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 32(3), 349-357. 6

Choose a specific television show. How does this television show Essay

Choose a specific television show. How does this television show portray society What does it reveal about the nature of huma - Essay Example This series is a very good example of life style of New York, and it showed how a big city life style can affect the human nature. The style of this show is unique as all episodes were narrated by Ted Morsby. Ted Morsby is the main character who after the marriage of his best friends’ Marshal and Lily wanted to settle down with a good job, wife and kids (Astro46). Ted narrates the whole story of looking for a wife to his two kids. His narration consisted of some very comical situations, which happened in the life of characters. The show is an example of life of young New Yorkers, and how they spent time and share their dreams with their friends. The series show some very important aspects of human nature all sensitive issues of big cosmopolitan city dwellers were shown in a very humorous way. The show was a good example of how the citizens of New York attach themselves proudly to this great city. In the following lines, we will be discussing how people’s nature change a fter coming from different cities and settling down in a big cosmopolitan city. The show how I met Your Mother was not only hilarious, but it depicted life of young New Yorkers and their thoughts and aims and their life style. All the main characters were proud to be called New Yorkers though only two of them Barney and Lily were true New Yorkers. It showed how people feel proud to be called New Yorker and how small funny incidences can carry big messages. The main characters, Ted, Robin, Barney, Lily, and Marshal are in their early thirties, and this is the time when a person not only wants to be settled in careers but also wants to get married and have kids. The program was a very good portrayal of young people of American society who have got educated and are on their way to settling down in life (Astro46). The series showed the fast life of New York and how young people work hard to achieve their aims and dreams. The series depicted how these young people wanted to achieve their goals in a very comical style. It showed how people manage their personal lives in a very fast life style. The Series portrayed different aspects of human nature in a very humorous manner. It showed that in a big city true friendship can matter a lot. True friends fight and get jealous but at the time of need they offer their shoulder to cry on it. The series depicted how we can forget our very own close relations in the fast life of New York. One such example in this show of human nature was on the death of Marshal’s father when he wanted to know his father’s last voice message to him. The worried look of not getting embarrassed in front of his family was on his faced. He was getting jealous of his siblings. It was a very normal just like any sibling jealousy and struggle to be loved more than other siblings. His true desire was that his father should have given a very special message to him. This episode truly depicted how people exaggerate and tell false stories ab out the dead people. In this episode, Barney made everyone realize that it is human nature that last words are always thought to be something great. This episode proved that sometimes getting angry can give you consolation as was in the case of Marshal’s mum. The actions of different people on a sad occasion of death were shown in a very hilarious way. In the end of the episode everyone realizes the importance of their loved ones. It can therefore be concluded that the series was a hilarious

W7 Legal Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

W7 Legal Discussion - Essay Example Over the years, different interventions have been used in stopping this situation, including the use of criminal fines and sanctions for offenders. It is however debated in this paper that such criminal fines and sanctions are not severe enough to prevent health care fraud. King (2012) outlined different forms of health care fraud that are recorded in various health institutions throughout the country. An important point that King (2012) made while listing the forms of frauds was that as much as the fraud cost the country several billions of dollars year in and year out, the frauds are also very difficult to detect. What this means is that in a situation where there are not very deterring measures to discourage people from engaging in these frauds, they will continue to do them because of the idea that they will hardly be caught in their crimes. In the administration of health care also, prevention has always been noted to be the best way out to dealing with most administrative and clinical issues that come up (Stuart Showalter, 2011). With this said, it is important that there will be stiffer punishment to offenders such that those who have not been involved in these acts of fraud will have no motivation of engaging in them (Morris, 2009). Fraud and for that matter crime is an issue that works on a cost-benefit basis. This means that when people have a feeling that by engaging in crime, they get better benefits than what they suffer as a result of being caught, they are likely to repeat their actions. Even if those involved do not repeat their actions, those who have not been involved will have no deterrent not to be involved in it. To this end, it is important to take a new approach to preventing providers and organizations from engaging in health care fraud. From a very pragmatic perspective, it is recommended that offender who are found should have their licenses of

Understanding the Court System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Understanding the Court System - Essay Example This paper endeavors to help in understanding the United States of America court system. To achieve this, the paper will discuss the case of Riley v. California heard in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court determination in this case considered two individual cases. Both cases involved cell phone searches during arrest without a warrant of search. One case involved David Leon Riley stopped in San Diego by a police officer in 2009 for having expired car registration tags (Harvard Law Review, 2014). The police towed the vehicle and searched it. During the search, they discovered two handguns hidden under the boot of his car. The police seized his phone without warrant and searched it. The phone records showed that Riley was part of a gang known as the Lincoln Park gang the evidence from the phone also placed him at a crime scene three weeks before and his made the prosecution used this evidence to build a case of assault and attempted murder against Riley (Harvard Law Review, 2014). During the trial, the judge upheld that the evidence from Riley’s Smartphone was admissible because it fell under the exceptions provided by search-incident-to-arrest provisions. The trial led to the conviction of Riley and the California court of appeal upheld this ruling (Harvard Law Review, 2014). The second case involved Brima Wurie arrested by a police officer who observed him participating in drug trade. During the arrest, the police officers confiscated two mobile phones from him (Harvard Law Review, 2014). After searching the call log, they determined the location of a caller and traced it to a location where they seized drugs, firearms and cash. The prosecution charged Wurie with drug and firearm possession. The district court declined to declare the evidence from the mobile phone as inadmissible since the police acquired it without a warrant. However, the first circuit court overturned the decision by the district court citing that mobile

Company Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Company Analysis - Assignment Example The Current CEO is Jose Manuel Gutierrez. The firm has John Gunn as the president, Tobias Valdenaire as the Co-CEO, and Juergen Michelberger as the E- Commerce manager. When the firm was being formed, Susie assumed the creative role, while Doug assumed the financial role. In October 2013, the firm appointed a new chief product officer, Rafael Pastor Espuch, who had 18 years of experience in the fashion industry while at Inditex. The vision of the firm is to inspire the spirit of the organization and create a sense of cooperation and community. On the other hand, the mission statement of the firm is, â€Å"Be informed, be involved and make a difference’ (Esprit Holding Limited , 2014). So as to ensure proper running of the firm, Esprit came up with an executive board. The company has six members in the executive board with two members being female; Susie and Hansen. The managers who are on the executive board had prior experience working in start-up as well as working as executives in the non-retail companies. Esprit is a fashion retailer that operates more than 1000 directly managed bricks-and-mortar stores. Besides, it has more than 10,000 wholesale retailers globally as well as an e-commerce site. The firm operates more than 770 retail stores globally and also distributes products to an estimated 5, 000 wholesale locations across the world. Furthermore, in more than 40 nations Esprit has 1.1 million of retail space. The Group also operates more than 800 directly managed retail stores internationally. This implies that it has a large employee base. As of June 2012, the firm had employed 12, 400 people (MarketLine, 2014). Esprit offers twelve (12) product lines including collection of business clothing for men, women and children: casual sportswear, urban clothing for the young women, children’s clothing who are aged up to seven (7) years, sports wear, accessories such as shoes, bags, and swimmer for women, kids and men. The firm also deals in the online

How did democratization impact upon foreign policy of Brazil Essay

How did democratization impact upon foreign policy of Brazil - Essay Example The Geography and Demographics of Brazil Brazil has always had a unique sense of its identity as a continental country. Because of its vast land area and its sizable population it is, like the United States, Russia, China and India, bound to perform an important role in the international community. A country this size, dominating the greater part of South America, is bound to exert economic and political influence in the region and the world. It has, after all, the world’s eighth largest economy and fifth-largest land territory in the world (Da Cruz, 2005, p. 115). For instance, the magnitude of its people’s progress – 24 million Brazilians elevated from poverty, and 31 million more joining the middle class – is bound to create a sizeable ripple in the world economy (Vincent, 2010). The problems and challenges facing Brazil, and the manner in which she resolves them, will tend to exert an impact upon other states because of the country’s sheer size (Lafer, 2000, p. 208). The following figure shows a map of Brazil and its smaller neighboring states. Map of Brazil Source: http://www.brazil-travel-northeast.com/maps-of-brazil.html Aside from its geography and demographics, Brazil’s uniqueness lies in its remarkable history. ... Brazil’s international identity places it at an advantage; although a former colony, it was distanced from international tensions that had occupied other nations in their search for a unique national identity. Brazil’s post-colonial history Brazil gained independence from the colonizers in 1822, and after that it gained freedom from monarchical rule in 1889 through a military overthrow. Between these years, a legitimate monarchy gave way to a well-established oligarchic republic where power was wielded by industrialists, coffee growers, and cattle ranchers (Lafer, 2000; Maitra, 2007). From 1889 to 1930, the country was run as a constitutional republic (i.e., the â€Å"First Republic†) with its old provinces granted autonomy as states, and collectively governed under the formal name, â€Å"The United States of Brazil.† In 1930, the Brazilian Revolution marked the end of the old republic and installed Getulio Dornelles Vargas in power. For this reason, 1930 to 1945 is known as the Vargas Era. While the early years had the benefit of a democratically eleted legislature, the years 1937 to 1945 saw Vargas transform into an authoritarian ruler who had abolished the former Constitution in a coup d’etat, shut down Congress, and assumed dictatorial powers. In 1945 Vargas was deposed, and the country redemocratized (Levine, 2003, p. 97). The subsequent period saw a populist regime followed by unsuccessful economic programs, for which reason the military intervened in 1964 in a revolutionary coup which again, as before, ended in dictatorship by 1985 (Levine, 2003). By 1985, democracy was again established, giving way to the first directly elected president (after the military regime) in 1989, in

Criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Criminal law - Essay Example First, stop and search is an important tool for policing in the modern age, particularly with concerns about gang violence, illicit drug use and trafficking and terrorism. Secondly, the use of police stop and search have generated significant public mistrust in the legitimacy of police practices and this is important since police legitimacy depends largely on public trust and support.4 This paper, is an exploratory study and examines and analyses police stop and search powers and the safeguards implicit in the powers from the perspective of police and the community. This paper is divided into two parts. The first part of this paper describes the law related to police stop and search powers. The second part of the paper analyses stop and search powers from the perspective of police and the public. Police Powers of Stop and Search Police powers of stop and search under ordinary criminal law are contained in three statutes: PACE, the Misuse of Drug Act 1971 and the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994.5 Therefore, police stop and search powers are subject to legislative oversight. ... Moreover, stop and search powers may not be exercised on the basis of ethnic or racial profiling. This is arguably the most sensitive issue to which the reasonable suspicion test applies. As Lord Devlin stated, reasonable suspicion would arise where there are indications of guilt although there was insufficient proof.7 Thus, a person’s race, gender and so on, should not constitute grounds for stop and search as these factors do not constitute indications of guilt It can be argued however that the counterterrorism legislation, may leave open the possibility of racial and/or ethnic profiling. This legislation confers upon senior police officers much broader powers of stop and search. In particular, reasonable grounds to suspect are unnecessary.8 Constables however, may stop and search anyone that they reasonably suspect to be a terrorist.9 Again this would involve the same limitations on stop and search powers as seen with ordinary powers of stop and search. Section 44 of the Te rrorism Act 2000 permits a constable to stop and search vehicles and drivers and pedestrians in specifically authorized places under authorization by senior officers in the prevention of acts of terrorism.10 This is particularly controversial since it can be argued that under Section 44 police may stop and search individuals on the basis of a hunch and there is nothing preventing police exercising this broad power on the basis of racial and ethnic profiling. Section 44 was the subject of debate in Gillan and Quinton v UK. The European Court of Human Rights (ECHRt)ruled that the authorization powers contained in Sections 44-45 of the Terrorism Act 2000 did not contain sufficient safeguards against the protection of privacy guaranteed by Article 8 of the European

ASPECTS OF COUNSELING Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

ASPECTS OF COUNSELING - Research Paper Example The cognitive aspect of counseling looks into how an individual reasons and processes information. In behavioral aspect the counselor looks into a person’s overt behavior and how learning has and can affect it. In affective aspect the counselor looks into what an individual is experiencing inside themselves. The spiritual aspect deals with a person’s religious affiliations or beliefs that affect their social life, emotions and physical well-being. A counselor therefore needs to know a client’s cognitive, behavioral, affective, and spiritual aspects before taking a specific counseling approach. Spiritual, Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Aspects of Counseling Introduction Counseling has been in existence for thousands of years, but it is one of the most misunderstood concepts in psychology. In the past, counseling was performed by wise elders in the communities with the family unit at its core. These elders counseled people on the various norms that existed an d how to follow them. This trend has continued to grow, but now it is parents and other community members such as teachers, coaches, and religious leaders that find themselves in the counseling field. These community leaders have the role of counseling inherently embedded in their duties. As time passed, counseling took new approaches that were more scientific although the ancient ones also depicted some level of science and ethics. The transformation of counseling has primarily been based on the need for it to suit different people from diverse backgrounds, cultures, and lifestyles. Ironically, as the world has become more informed and technologically savvy, the breakdown of the family unit is on the rise. This brings about a generation of people who have not developed the emotional, mental, behavioral, and spiritual skills needed in our complex and changing society. This and more reasons have contributed to the development and spread of modern techniques and theories in counseling . The misunderstanding gap in relation to counseling in the past has been also reduced with more people seeking formal counseling services. In addition, counseling today does not have the stigma it once held in the past. In actuality, many theories used today consider counseling as a process where the client and the counselor come up with solutions or plans together. Today’s counseling has taken an integrative approach with the incorporation of spiritual, affective, behavioral and cognitive aspects in treating the client through individual or group counseling. Cognitive Aspect of Counseling: Rational Emotive Behavior Theory (REBT) The cognitive domain is basically a domain that focuses on how an individual thinks and reasons. Every individual has mental processes which include knowledge, comprehension, problem solving, and critical thinking or analysis. It is crucial for the counselor to understand how the client can process information. To elaborate this, a client may have t heir reasoning blurred by emotions rendering them incompetent to develop conclusive, decisive or sound solutions. Clients can be illogical and can exhibit irrationality in their judgment and attitudes (Hollon, Stewart and Strunk, 2006). The counselor should in turn replace these by logic and rationality in the client’s ideas and attitudes. The client through cognitive aspect is able to gain self-actualization, thereby attaining some level of happiness (Kenardy, 2011). If a client can identify the element(s) in their environment that they struggle with, self- awareness and self-discovery may commence. Eric Berne for example developed Transactional Analysis that aimed

George Washington Essay Example for Free

George Washington Essay It has often been said that the entire ordeal leading up the American Revolution occurred as a direct result of two sides not having a common understanding. In fact, this simple interpretation of the more complicated problem might not completely explain everything that happened leading up to and during the Revolutionary War, but it can be used as an explanation for the rift in thinking that ultimately kept the two sides apart on a theoretical level. The British, for the most part, misunderstood what the colonists were looking for in their striving for freedom. The colonists, on the other hand, held a fighting spirit that could not easily be understood by people who were not there to experience it on a day-to-day basis. Two prominent thinkers from either side, George Washington and Edmund Burke, laid out their opinions on the matter in easy to understand terms. Their writings represent an interesting dichotomy. Burke, for the most part, understood what was going on in the colonies. Washington took an approach of broad support for his countrymen, which was representative of the patriotic spirit that permeated the time. Though Washington could never be accused of being a person that liked to get his hands too muddy in the political arena, he did have a pretty firm grasp on the overall feeling of the American people at that time. When he writes to George William Fairfax and Bryan Fairfax in a series of 1774 letters, Washington makes it very clear that he believes the country is ready to stand as one in the face of British opposition. Washington was a calculated man and one that was certainly not quick to jump to any conclusions without first investigating the other options. In his letter to Bryan Fairfax, Washington gives a clear indication of this and further makes indication that he believes all of his options to be expended. When he writes, â€Å"Shall we, after this, whine and cry for relief, when we have already tried it in vain,† Washington clearly indicates that perhaps, making requests of the British government is not enough anymore. To George Washington, Boston was only the breaking point in a conflict that had been long overdue. The plight of Boston was the plight of American and the conflict had arrived because, simply put, they had no other choice but to put up a fight. Though Washington was quick to lend his support to the folks in Boston, he was not fully supportive of their means. Though he agreed that perhaps what they did was necessary, he did not completely approve of how they went about things. As mentioned before, Washington was a calculated individual in every way. He hoped for people to take all options into account before making rash decisions. When the people of Boston opted to toss pounds and pounds of tea into the harbor, they were not making the most responsible decision, but they were making a statement. Washington could respect that statement and the stand that they had the guts to take, even if he did not undyingly support their actions. Washington wrote, â€Å"The conduct of the Boston people could not justify the rigor of their measures. † Still, he goes on to qualify that statement later in his letter. He indicates that sometimes, measures such as those are necessary when people will not take others seriously or respect their requests. To Washington, the main point was that a stand had to be taken somewhere, so he wasn’t angry that the people of Boston made that statement. In fact, he was happy with the idea of having a rallying point around which the colonists could congregate. From the British side of things, Edmund Burke took a slightly more contradictory approach with his thinking. He was a well respected British political mind. During that time, most well respected British minds wanted to use force and not concede anything to the colonists. Those people did not understand what motivated the colonists and certainly did not understand the passion with which colonists wanted to rid themselves of foul treatment. In short, most British political people, who were all of the way across the Atlantic Ocean, had no idea how bad they American colonists wanted it. Burke got it, however. He knew exactly what the colonists wanted and he understood how to motivate them. Edmund Burke’s primary assertion was that the British government was going about things all wrong. Like Washington, Burke was a very influential and deep thinker. He did not like to act without first thinking through all of the different scenarios that might take place. With that in mind, Burke wanted the British government to work with the American colonists, as opposed to working against them as they had been set on doing. He thought it was a good idea to promote reconciliation between the two sides because, in his mind, that was the only way to shut down the fighting spirit of the American colonists. When the British government pushed the Americans into a corner, they banded together and they came out fighting. This is evidenced by Washington’s comments about the Boston Tea Party. Burke also wanted to push for reconciliation because he understood the fact that Great Britain had to have some sort of working relationship with the colonies in the future. They could not make everyone in the colonies mad. In his speech to Parliament on March 22, 1775, Edmund Burke says, â€Å"Because after all our struggle, whether we will or not, we must govern America. † That was Burke’s primary point throughout the entirety of this speech. Win, lose, or draw, the British government had to keep the relationship with the colonies on good footing, or else there would eventually be a conflict to face. In addition to plenty of other things, Burke understood the nature of the American people. He also understood that the British government did not understand the nature of the American colonists. He knew that Great Britain had to keep that in mind if they wanted to be successful in making the American colonies listen to their rules. A fighting spirit was engrained in the American people and that was something that would not go away. In that same speech to the British Parliament, Burke let his partners in the room know that the American colonists were a fighting bunch. â€Å"In this character of the Americans, a love of Freedom is the predominating feature which marks and distinguishes the whole. † If the British government could not understand that, then according to Burke, they had no chance of exacting any change among the colonists themselves. This basic rift in understanding is the one factor that, according to Edmund Burke, would keep the British government from creating any change. Washing and Burke were on different sides, but they were very similar men. They both understood people and they understood what it took to motivate people. While Washington was a unifying voice in America, Burke served as a voice of reason in Great Britain. Their specific messages were different, but they were equally important to their respective nations.

Self-Driving Cars Are Smart Essay Example for Free

Self-Driving Cars Are Smart Essay The self-driving car is a car that allows a passenger to travel safely and quickly to their destination without human driving (Marsico, 8). These vehicles are also known as â€Å"autonomous cars†. If the self-driving cars are available, people are no longer had to worry about their own safety while driving on the road and also they don’t need a driver license. The drivers will have more freedom to do whatever they wish while inside the car including reading, texting, eating, and sleeping. The vehicle also can set up the speech limit that driver doesnt have to worry about when the police going to meet them. The self-driver cars are also can save our life because every year the new report accidents are caused on the road due to the human drive. â€Å"In 2009, the technology company Google began developing a fleet of a self-driving car. These vehicles are just stepping away from being totally autonomous. They already travel along U.S. roadways. Currently, people who ride in Google’s robotic cars are able to take control at any time† (Marsico, 29). Technology has changed the way we live in many ways, some including being able to communicate with people that we know around the world. It also made things a lot easier like homework and learning. As we can see today the car manufacturers continue to experiment with the new technology. The self-driving car is one of the cars that experiment with the car manufactures. The cars first may need a GPS system to get a rough idea of where they are and where they need to go (Marsico 18). They also have a bunch of sensors to constantly scan the area around them looking for any hazards- whether that another car or a bicycle, or even a rogue bird (Barone). For Google self-driving cars these sensors include a camera to see, and radar and lasers to map out the area (Barone). The self-driving car also monitoring 360 degrees around the car which much better than what a distracted driver could do (Stewart). Most important and challenging facet of self-driving cars is the software that makes them run (Barone). This has to take in all the data from the sensors and GPS and even things like traffic and weather conditions and make decisions based on that. It determines how to steer, stop, and go and everything else involved in getting you from point to point. According to the Katie Marsico said, â€Å"In fact, experts have suggested that self-driving automobiles might around 30,000 lives a year in the United State†. As we can see today some of the people are driving and always cause the accident. The car that we drive today is easy and many people can drive them. They become popular and help people to travel place to place, save time and energy. Workers are able to transfer some important things with the help of the car. Using a car is comfortable and easier than using public transportation. Driving a car has also some disadvantages, such as buying and running a car need a lot of money, even more for a good quality one that is not too old. There are a lot of things to pay for insurance to cover the cost of crashes or theft, maintenance, parking charges, license fees charged by the government, and repair. When too many cars try to go the same way, the traffic will go slow them all and may cause the accident. According to Watson said, â€Å"More than thirty –four thousand America lost their lives to automobile accidents each year†. The car accident is caused by human-made by a driver who is drunk, sleeps and distracted (Watson 46). If the self-driving becomes popular we may not see the accident because the car will do everything for us. The computer in the self-driving cars are don’t drink, send texts message or fall asleep. We don’t have to worry about keeping our eye on the road and in addition people can be more productive while traveling (Marsico 10). The car also can use the less gasoline because â€Å"fuel contributes to pollution this would benefit the environment too† (Marsico 38). The self-driving cars have also some disadvantages because when they are testing the self-driving car had run the red lights or been in a minor collision (Davies Para 1). I worry about a self-driving car made of the computer. If computer software got virus how can we do? For those who do not know how to use the computer how will they fix their car? It will cost a lot of money to let the shop fix. The amount of software and technology that’s required to build self-driving cars is likely to be quite expensive. Consumers may not want to pay such high costs for self-driving cars. According to Katie Marsico said, â€Å"The technology that makes the self-driving cars works will probably add between $3ooo and $10,000 to car prices† (Page 42). The car also can run on the computer if the hacker can decide that they like your car and can hack the system to unlock the doors to get inside or start the car and drive it away. They can also shut down your vehicle while it is driving you at high speeds and you end up in a fatal crash (Alex Hern Para 3). If the car can drive by them self we may not need the parking lots. Many people might get around with shared vehicles that never have to park (Barone). As we can see today millions of Americans make a living by driving trucks, delivery vans, and taxis. When the technology of self-driving cars takes their job, what will happen to their livelihoods? They depend on their paycheck and if the paycheck is no longer work, the person and his family often cannot afford to pay their living. The families will end up with losing a home and they cannot afford to move into another residence and will end up their life with homeless.

Barriers To Sustainable Tourism Developments Tourism Essay

Barriers To Sustainable Tourism Developments Tourism Essay Introduction Tourism is highly known as one of the worlds fastest growing industries and become the major contributor to the countrys economic growth in terms foreign exchange earnings and creates job opportunities in both large and small communities. Hence, the increasing economic importance of tourism has captured the attention and interest in most developing countries. However, people have not been thinking about the range of impacts resulted from tourism which is broad and could even negatively impact on the destination community. The uncontrolled rapid growth of tourism can poses a significant threat towards the environment and social community in other words tourism can result serious environmental and social-cultural problems. Therefore, in a way to controlled and minimize the negative impacts of tourism, sustainable tourism development need to be achieved. Sustainable tourism today become highly important in the tourism industry and it is important to encourage more people to travel green and to ensure that the tourism is environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable. Many destinations have also recognized the importance of achieving sustainable tourism development. However, for many developing countries worldwide sustainable tourism has not properly been translated into wide practice and there can be economic, social, and physical barriers that tend to pose great hindrances to sustainable development. In order to determine how the tourism industry can move towards sustainability, it is important to examine the barriers that hinder sustainable tourism, and then develop strategies to reduce the barriers. Thus, aim of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the barriers of implementing sustainability initiatives and achieving sustainable tourism development particularly in Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. 2.0 Literature Review on Sustainable Tourism Tourism is a significant global industry with a huge impact towards the environment. Tourism is also the worlds largest industry, with total receipts from the international tourism equaling US $682 billion (WTO, 2006). The tourism industry also employs an estimated of 10 percent of the global workforce and capital formation. Due to this significance of this industry and that environmental degradation has impacted most tourism destinations; the need to implement more sustainable practices has come to forefront of global issues (Graci, 2004). The need to plan for tourism in a sustainable manner is evident through the developments that have occurred worldwide since the United Nations Conference on Environment Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. In the conference, tourism was identified as one of the five main industries in need for achieving sustainable development (Theobald 1998, Budeanu 1999, Pryce 2001). The World Tourism Organization, World Travel and Tourism Council, and the Earth Council published Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry in 1995, which this document aimed to establish systems and procedure to incorporate sustainable development considerations into the decision making process of tourism activities. It also highly emphasized the importance of partnership between tourism industry and government and demonstrated the benefits of making the whole industry sustainable, not only just the niche ecotourism sector (Pryce, 2001). The idea of sustainable tourism has its roots in the concept of sustainable development, defined by the Brundtland Commission as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987). Other effective adoption or concept of ecologically sustainable tourism, defined by the World Tourism Organization (2002) is: Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present generation tourists and host communities while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is highly emphasizes the management of all resources in such as a way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs are fulfilled while maintaining the cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity, and life support systems. (WTO, 2002) This clearly means that sustainable tourism activities is aim to ensure that development will maximize enjoyment and create positive experience for tourists and communities, at the same time minimizing the negative impacts upon the destination site; the environment, community and local population. Therefore the sustainable implementation of sustainable development requires the duties of the tourism industry, environmental supporters and community or the three cycles which need to be interrelated. The latter should be based on three main principles of sustainable development (WTO 1993, Mowforth and Munt 1998): Ecological sustainability which demonstrates that development is compatible with the maintenance of essential ecological processes, biological diversity and resources. Social and cultural sustainability suggests that development increases peoples control over their lives and it is compatible with the culture and values of people affected by it which maintains and strengthens the community identity. Economic sustainability ensures that development is economically efficient and that resources are being managed properly in order to support the future generations. Further explanations by World Tourism Organization (2002) the need for achieving several objectives for ensuring sustainable tourism, which are involve the protection and conservation of resource include natural, historical, and cultural for future generations, whilst at the same time ensuring long term economic viability for businesses, and providing socio-cultural benefits to the wider society. Tourism development is also being planned and managed so that it does not negatively impact on the environment and cultural society, the overall environmental quality of tourism is maintained and improved as well. 3.0 Sustainable Tourism in Gili Trawangan, Indonesia Gili Trawangan is known as the largest island located amongst the Gili Islands off the coast of Lombok in Indonesia. The island is also known as a sun, sand and sea destination. It is approximately three by two kilometers and low-lying with a small hill to the south, rising to 72 meters above sea level (Hampton 1998). Gili Trawangan is considered as the most developed of all three Gili islands, which the other two islands Gili Air and Gili Meno are being the newly developed. There are several expatriates lives and work on the island as well and the majority of land on the island is used for tourism and the rest is coconut plantation and some small field of agricultural crops and livestock. Tourism is regarded as the major economic activity on the island with more than 80 percent of families is employed by tourism. However, Gili Trawangan is not highly developed tourism destination in terms of mass tourism, infrastructure, and services, and the island has limited resources of fresh wa ter. In terms of sustainable tourism, there have been some initiatives for developing sustainable tourism in Gili Trawangan. However, the initiatives have been faced with a slow implementation and have not been completely adopted in practice. The main of the initiatives developed by the dive operators on the island is known as the Gili Trawangan Eco-trust. This Gili Eco-trust was being set up in order to protect and conserve the coral reefs around the island against destructive fishing practices. While the main purpose of this organization is to manage the collection of a dive tax which guest are charged about US$3 per diver and US$1 per snorkeler. The dive tax is then used to pay the local fisherman to stop damaging the reefs and the funds are also used for beach cleaning, rubbish management and monitoring (Lombok Network 2009). 4.0 Barriers to sustainable tourism in Gili Trawangan The Eco-trust is one of the initiatives developed by the dive operators on the Gili Trawangan Island for developing sustainable tourism. However they have encountered various barriers to sustainable tourism development in the area that has led to frustration on the island. Based on the research study which was conducted by Sonya Graci in the article, Accomodating Green: Examining Barriers to Sustainable Tourism Development (2004), number of barriers was documented in this research consisting of five main barriers to implementing and achieving sustainable tourism initiatives in the destination. The first barrier is the inadequate resources associated with high cost, lack of information, skills, knowledge, expertise, time and the reluctance to get assistance from outside consultants. The numerous ideas for initiatives such giving payments to fisherman to stop their illegal fishing can be a problem for the Island since they dont have enough resources and many of these plans could fail. Another example such as that the Gili Trawangan Eco-trust also attempted to implement a waste management collection system by building of a landfill with areas to separate and organize recyclables. Yet, again with lack of resources the landfill development would failed. Besides, a number of business owners and the local government also have indentified that the inadequate of resources was the biggest barrier as it is realized on the island without any proper systems in place, the environment will degrade even further and this will eventually affect the tourism on Gili Trawangan. Thus, the destination needs the ability to implement those systems with the necessary funds and knowledge to develop feasible systems. The second barrier being emphasized is the lack of momentum to take action concerning to the sustainability initiatives by business owners; restaurants, accommodations, dive operators, and bars. There was a belief by a number of business owners that current practices were lack, yet, there was a lack of momentum to move forward and implement sustainable initiatives. There are several business owners who did not want to take responsibility in managing the implementation of the initiatives especially involving time and money, and they also had complaints about the management of the environment, such only one business owner in conjunction with the local government to manage the eco tax funds to pay the fisherman. Thus, this is a practice that was not look upon favorably as a sustainable solution by many of the business owners and no other solutions were put forward. The third barrier is related to the corporate culture of the island which comprised of the attitudes, experiences, beliefs, and values of the organization. The isolation of environmental issues from other aspects of the organization or destination, and the bureaucracy that exists within each of organization are barriers that have affected the implementation of sustainable tourism initiatives in the island. The corporate culture in the Island is one of the employees and local which are resistant to change though they realized the benefits associated with sustainable tourism initiatives such as reducing health problems in the community which arises from the lack of garbage collection. Generally this is because of the lack of education that the local people discouraged to participate in the sustainable tourism development. Another barrier to sustainable tourism development in the destination is related to government bureaucracy and corruption which usually arises in many developing coun tries. The provincial and national governments have consistently collected taxes from the Island without any investment in infrastructure or development of policy in the area. Moreover, in 1998 the provincial government of Western Nusa Dua developed the Gili Mantra Marine National Park strategy. However the marine park strategies were never implemented, but then it was the Gili Trawangan Eco-trust who implemented initiatives to stop illegal fishing to protect the reefs. Lastly, infrastructure or physical attributes such location and age of facilities are another barriers faced in the destination at the same time this closely related to the problem of having lack of resources on the Island to purchase new technologies. Despite if initiatives such as solar power or a sewage treatment plant were installed, it would be difficult to fix or adapt to the technologies due to the isolation of the Island. The Island also may have an issue on having no enough space or room for businesses to install composters to dispose organic waste. 5.0 Recommendation After indentifying the various barriers of implementing and achieving sustainable tourism in Gili Trawangan, Indonesia, there could be some strategies or solutions to overcome the stated barriers which contribute to the development of sustainable tourism in Island of Gili Trawangan. The strategies can include the alternatives of composting, employing financial mechanism such as tourist taxes and developing a multi-stakeholder island committee to manage the development and implementation of sustainable tourism initiatives in the destination. Extensive consultation with the locals and all stakeholders on the Island who involves could be performed as well which this allows to motivate and support the implementation of sustainable initiatives in the area. Whereas, the inadequate of resources on the island particularly for financial resources should likely be obtained from outside or non-local interests since it might be difficult for local people in the destination to play a leading role as entrepreneurs in the tourism industry. Local government should also support for educational programs and tourism training on the island to improve the knowledge and skills of the people and therefore it will encourage them to participate in the development of sustainable tourism. 6.0 Conclusion Achieving sustainable tourism development is highly important to the island of Gili Trawangan in Indonesia, in which it will help in protecting and conserving the local resources while minimizing the negative impacts of tourism and benefiting the island communities. However, despite the efforts from a number of local businesses, various barriers exist and affect the implementation of achieving sustainability initiatives in the tourism industry in the destination. Yet, a cohesive and inclusive strategy still can be developed to move this tourist destination towards sustainability.

Writing a Personal Narrative :: Personal Reflection

A narrative is a story. In writing a narrative essay, you share with the reader some personal experience of your own in order to make a point or convey a message. You may choose to tell how your grandfather influenced your desire to become an orthodontist, or perhaps you’ll relate the story of the time you didn’t make the cut for the basketball team. Whatever story you tell, your purpose is to share with others some experience that has taught you something or changed you somehow. Remember that narration is more than just description. Your essay should be descriptive, but it should also emphasize the significance of a particular event, object, or person. There are several components of an effective narrative. The following are some things to keep in mind when writing your essay: Focus Narrative effect is the main point of your story—the moral, the message, the insight you offer. Without a specific narrative effect, your essay is merely a series of unconnected events. If you are unsure what your main point is, you might ask yourself, â€Å"Why am I telling this story? Why should someone else be interested in reading about my experience?† In addition, you must decide whether to reveal your point explicitly (stated directly) or implicitly (suggested but not stated). Development Details add depth and color to your narrative. If your essay consists merely of dry facts, readers quickly grow uninterested. You can describe things through the methods of scene and summary. In the scene method, use very detailed, evocative description to immerse the reader in the situation or place you describe. Your goal is to make the scene come alive for the reader. Usually narratives are based on one or two key scenes. Reserve in-depth detail for these key scenes, and fill in the rest of the story using the method of summary (giving a brief synopsis of events). Organization and Coherence The narrative consists of three basic parts: The orientation, at the beginning of the essay, establishes the setting, characters, and other essential elements of the story. The complication involves rising conflict that leads up to the climax (the point of highest action in the story). Then, in the resolution, the conflict is resolved and the narrative effect is revealed or suggested. Your narrative also needs a time structure. You must decide whether chronological time or psychological time best suits your story. In chronological time, events are described in the order in which they

Response to Davidsons Africa in History :: World History

Response to Davidson's Africa in History Africa, steeped in history, is often known as the "cradle of civilization." Civilization was most greatly nurtured during the Pleistocene era. The history pre-, proto-, and fully human unfolds mostly during the Pleistocene era. Stone tools caused an increase in population throughout Africa because of knowledge of fire, knowing how to carry burdens and live in caves (9). Around 10,000 B.C., Neanderthals, last of the hominids, disappeared and home sapiens took over (9,10). Between 5500 and 2500 B.C. there was a Makalian 'wet phase' where there was a great mixing of people, plenty of fish, wildlife and trees. The author seems to believe in the authenticity of early African history. He dismisses the "Hamitic hypothesis" as "great nonsense" (ll,l2). The "Hamitic hypothesis" stated that the Hamites (Caucasians) were responsible for any process in history identifiable in Africa. The hypothesis stated that Negroes were too primitive to embark on any such processes of history (l2). >P> The first great civilization of Africa took place in Egypt. Egyptians started 3round the delta and were part of the Saharan Sudanese culture (l5). They became strong because they knew when the Nile River floods were coming and could cultivate their land with rich soil (13). The Egyptians built many notable stone monuments and created a pharaonic monarchy. For many centuries they were supreme military fighters and ruled Northern Africa through the Old, Middle and Late Kingdoms. During the Late Kingdom Egypt came under attack by the Kushites (33). Egyptians weren't able to defend themselves well in part because of lack of iron tools. Egyptians did not see iron as significant military weapons. Iron was seen as curiosity pieces for the pharaohs (37). Consequently, Kushites briefly became the dominant power in Africa. Quite often scholars argued that the Egyptians of the Pharaonic Age were not black. This is an argument that the author argues "as little tenable as saying Serbers and Ethiopians weren't Negro" (25,26). My opinion is that scholars would not care if the Egyptians were black if they weren't such an important civilization. Africa produced many significant civilizations such as the Egyptian, Songhay, Mali and Ethiopian but would see the fruits of labor manipulated and tortured during the Atlantic slave trade. Slavery marks one of the worst but important tragedies that beset my ancestors. The Atlantic Trade consisted mainly of slaves, firearms, gold, spices and indigo.

The Dangers of Tattoos Essay -- Body Art

Tattoos are becoming a popular phenomenon that is seen everywhere. Today’s youth are getting permanent tattoos to be cool and trendy, but are not considering the long-term effects. Teenagers should be aware of all that body modification may include, it is not just a pretty picture. Adolescences must consider the dangers and conscientious result of attaining diseases, being underage, and having a permanent mark on their body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The unsanitary conditions of getting a tattoo tend to go unnoticed by teenagers. The increase popularity in body art has also caused an increase in the incidences of Hepatitis, especially Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is spread by contact with human blood. Since, the government regulation has not enforced hygiene requirements for tattoo parlors, disease such as Hepatitis C thrive in these environments. Another disease that can be acquired is HIV. The government does not force tattoo parlors to use new needles or to sanitize the old ones. Also, tattoos can get easily infected and leave a scar if not properly taken care of. Sometimes, people die from ink poisoning if too much ink gets into the blood stream. I haven’t even touched on how painful it is to get a tattoo and how painful it will be to obtain a disease. Young adults do not consider the dangers of a tattoo until it is too late.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another problem with getting a tattoo is being underage. Teenagers have to convince their parents that a tattoo isn’t a foolish decision and they really want ...

Prose coursework: Sherlock Holmes Essay

Study both stories and find and copy out evidence, to do with the following: 1. Sherlock Holmes Character and personality. 2. His appearance. 3. Dr Watson’s character and personality. 4. His Appearance. 5. Evidence of a relationship between the two characters. 6. Look for any evidence that the story is set in the 1800’s. 7. Find examples of uses of language, which is old fashioned. What clues are there in the language that theses stories were written over hundred years ago? Sherlock Holmes is very good at his job, he is a detective, he is better than others because he has the ability of deducing things very well, and he knows this, so he does tend to gloat now and again. He is able to look at a person and tell you what he had for breakfast, where he lives where he is going and where he works and how he gets there. Holmes enjoys drugs, such as heroin cocaine and marijuana. Dr Watson once described him as not the best human being but a very good observing machine. Sherlock Holmes is described as tall and thin, he is not look muscular but is quite strong, we know this because in the book â€Å"The Speckled Band† Dr Grimsbly Roylott (who is supposed to be quite a large man) bends a fire poker at an attempt to show Dr Watson and Sherlock Holmes how powerful and dangerous he his, Holmes just bends it back just as easily. At this point we get to see another great attribute of Sherlock Holmes, his ability to remain Calm at the worst of times, Dr Grimsbly Roylott had insulted Homes quite badly, but Holmes told him to leave and when Dr Grimsbly Roylott knew that he wasn’t afraid he left. Dr Watson tells us that â€Å"homes was a master of disguises† he could not only change his look, but his manner and the way he talked, all though he appearance in general is very professional, tow distinguished features that Sherlock Holmes has his hat which is a â€Å"deer stalker† with matching overcoat and his pipe, sometimes he is also seen with his very high powered lenses. Dr Watson is an intelligent man, but is often but he doesn’t seem like it when he repeatedly says † oh you make is sound so obvious†, † but of course † and † how absurdly simple†. He is often overwhelmed by Holmes skills and because of the time they have spent together he is picking a few things up skill up himself. Dr Watson narrates all the stories so we do not know so much about he personality and can only pick up a few things we tend to know what the doctor is thinking at the time. When a story begins Dr Watson recalls things, and how Sherlock used to work and think that’s why we know Holmes’s personality better that than the doctor’s Not much is said on the doctor’s appearance either, but we do get some clues, the doctor has a beard and is shorter than Holmes, he is also bigger and has got bigger since he was married he has put on † Seven Pounds† as deduced by Holmes in † Scandal In Bohemia† There is a good relationship between the two characters the respect each other and they are quite close, Dr Watson tells us in † scandal in bohemia† that they had drifted apart a bit after he got married but when the spoke the were still great friends. As I said before the both have a great mutual respect for each other and I have found some evidence for this, in one part in â€Å"Scandal In Bohemia† Holmes refers to Dr Watson as his † Boswell â€Å". This is like saying that Dr Watson being there he feels more relaxed and comfortable knowing his friend is buy his side, I think he is also referring to â€Å"James Boswell† who wrote a biography about his hero Samuel Johnson, James Boswell wrote the biography in a hero-worshipping detailedly intimate manner. Perhaps that is how Holmes sees Watson. It is often when Holmes clients wasn’t to speak to him of a most private and confidential matter, and usually the doctor gets up to leave the room and Holmes tells him to sit down and tells the client that he is a good fiend of his and anything that they wish to discuss the can do so in front of him. There are also times where Holmes needs Dr Watson’s help to do certain tasks, like the one in â€Å"Scandal in Bohemia† where the Doctor had to throw a smoke bomb into Irene Adler’s house and shout fire. There relationship isn’t just professional Holmes calls Dr Watson â€Å"my friend† a lot and Dr Watson is often telling Holmes off for taking drugs because he understands the damage that they do he does this because he also cares about his friend well being. The story is not set in modern times, we know this because of the language that is used and some of the things that are used in the stories, such as â€Å"fire pokers† and dog carts (or that’s what Sherlock Holmes Refers to them as), and not many people wear deerstalkers, shillings and crowns are not currency we use nowadays and there are a lot of referrals to India, this is because at that time India was under British rule and a lot of British people lived their. The language is different too, one big difference is when Holmes wakes up the doctor and says † sorry to knock up you Watson†, by which he means is † sorry to wake you up† nowadays that would mean to get some pregnant in slang, to knock and girl up is to get them pregnant. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Oten Notes Engineering Studies Aeronautical Module

Gill Sans Bold Engineering Studies HSC Course Stage 6 Aeronautical engineering ES/S6 – HSC 41097 P0022161 Acknowledgments This publication is copyright Learning Materials Production, Open Training and Education Network – Distance Education, NSW Department of Education and Training, however it may contain material from other sources which is not owned by Learning Materials Production. Learning Materials Production would like to acknowledge the following people and organisations whose material has been used. Board of Studies, NSW Hawker de Havilland Page Aircraft Company Pty Ltd Bankstown Airport Padstow Aeroskills CentreAll reasonable efforts have been made to obtain copyright permissions. All claims will be settled in good faith. Materials devlopment: Paul Soares, Harry Taylor, Ian Webster Coordination: Jeff Appleby Content edit: John Cook, Josephine Wilms Illustrations: Tom Brown, Barbara Buining DTP: Nick Loutkovsky, Carolina Barbieri Copyright in this material is res erved to the Crown in the right of the State of New South Wales. Reproduction or transmittal in whole, or in part, other than in accordance with provisions of the Copyright Act, is prohibited without the written authority of Learning Materials Production. Learning Materials Production, Open Training and Education Network – Distance Education, NSW Department of Education and Training, 2000. 51 Wentworth Rd. Strathfield NSW 2135. Revised 2001 Module contents Subject overview †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. iii Module overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. vii Module components †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. vii Module outcomes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ x Indicative time †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ x Resource requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xi Icons †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xiii Glossary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ xv Directive terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ xix Part 1: Aeronautical engineering – scope of the profession and engineering report†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1–65 Part 2: Aeronautical engineering – istory of flight†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1–37 Part 3: Aeronautical engineering – mechanics and hydraulics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1–73 Part 4: Aeronautical engineering – materials †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1–49 Part 5: Aeronautical engineering – communication †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1–44 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 45 Module evaluation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 i ii Subject overview Engineering Studies Preliminary Course Household appliances examines common appliances found in the home. Simple appliances are analysed to identify materials and their applications. Electrical principles, researching methods and techniques to communicate technical information are introduced. The first student engineering report is completed undertaking an investigation of materials used in a household appliance. Landscape products investigates engineering principles by focusing on common products, such as lawnmowers and clothes hoists. The historical development of these types of products demonstrates he effect materials development and technological advancements have on the design of products. Engineering techniques of force analysis are described. Orthogonal drawing methods are explained. An engineering report is completed that analyses lawnmower components. Braking systems uses braking components and systems to describe engineering principles. The historical changes in materials and design are investigated. The relationship between internal structure of iron and steel and the resulting engineering properties of those materials is detailed. Hydraulic principles are described and examples provided in braking systems. Orthogonal drawing echniques are further developed. An engineering report is completed that requires an analysis of a braking system component. iii Bio-engineering both engineering principles and also the scope of the bio-engineering profession. Careers and current issues in this field are explored. Engineers as managers and ethical issues confronted by the bio engineer are considered. An engineering report is completed that investigates a current bioengineered product and describes the related issues that the bio-engineer would need to consider before, during and after this product development. Irrigation systems is the elective topic for the reliminary modules. The historical development of irrigation systems is described and the impact of these systems on society discussed. Hydraulic analysis of irrigation systems is explained. The effect on irrigation product range that has occurred with the introduction of is detailed. An engineering report on an irrigation system is completed. iv HSC Engineering Studies modules Civil structures examines engineering principles as the y relate to civil structures, such as bridges and buildings. The historical influences of engineering, the impact of engineering innovation, and environmental implications are discussed with eference to bridges. Mechanical analysis of bridges is used to introduce concepts of truss analysis and stress/strain. Material properties and application are explained with reference to a variety of civil structures. Technical communication skills described in this module include assembly drawing. The engineering report requires a comparison of two engineering solutions to solve the same engineering situation. Personal and public transport uses bicycles, motor vehicles and trains as examples to explain engineering concepts. The historical development of cars is used to demonstrate the developing material ist available for the engineer. The impact on society of these developments is discussed. The mechanical analysis of mechanisms involves the effect of friction. Energy and power relationships a re explained. Methods of testing materials, and modifying material properties are examined. A series of industrial manufacturing processes is described. Electrical concepts, such as power distribution, are detailed are introduced. The use of freehand technical sketches. Lifting devices investigates the social impact that devices raging from complex cranes to simple car jacks, have had on our society. The mechanical oncepts are explained, including the hydraulic concepts often used in lifting apparatus. The industrial processes used to form metals and the methods used to control physical properties are explained. Electrical requirements for many devices are detailed. The technical rules for sectioned orthogonal drawings are demonstrated. The engineering report is based on a comparison of two lifting devices. v Aeronautical engineering explores the scope of the aeronautical engineering profession. Career opportunities are considered, as well as ethical issues related to the profession . Technologies unique to this engineering field are described.Mechanical analysis includes aeronautical flight principles and fluid mechanics. Materials and material processes concentrate on their application to aeronautics. The corrosion process is explained and preventative techniques listed. Communicating technical information using both freehand and computer-aided drawing is required. The engineering report is based on the aeronautical profession, current projects and issues. Telecommunications engineering examines the history and impact on society of this field. Ethical issues and current technologies are described. The materials section concentrates on specialised esting, copper and its alloys, semiconductors and fibre optics. Electronic systems such as analogue and digital are explained and an overview of a variety of other technologies in this field is presented. Analysis, related to telecommunication products, is used to reinforce mechanical concepts. Communicating technica l information using both freehand and computer-aided drawing is required. The engineering report is based on the telecommunication profession, current projects and issues. Figure 0. 1 Modules vi Module overview Aeronautical engineering is the first focus engineering module in the HSC course.The scope of the aeronautical engineering profession is investigated. Career opportunities are considered, as well as ethical issues related to the profession. Technologies unique to this engineering field are described. The mechanical analysis topics include aeronautical flight principles and fluid mechanics. Materials, and material processes concentrate on those most associated with the aeronautical engineer. The corrosion process is explained and preventative techniques listed. Communicating technical information using both freehand and computer aided drawing are required. The engineering report is based on the aeronautical rofession, current projects and issues. Module components Each module contains three components, the preliminary pages, the teaching/learning section and additional resources. †¢ The preliminary pages include: – module contents – subject overview – module overview – icons – glossary – directive terms. Figure 0. 2 Preliminary pages vii †¢ The teaching/learning parts may include: – part contents – introduction – teaching/learning text and tasks – exercises – check list. Figure 0. 3 Teaching/learning section †¢ The additional information may include: – module appendix – bibliography – Additional resource module evaluation. Figure 0. 4 Additional materials Support materials such as audiotapes, video cassettes and computer disks will sometimes accompany a module. viii Module outcomes At the end of this module, you should be working towards being able to: †¢ describe the scope of engineering and critically analyse current innovations (H1. 1) †¢ differentiate between properties of materials and justify the selection of materials, components and processes in engineering (H1. 2) †¢ analyse and synthesise engineering applications in specific fields and report on the importance of these to society (H2. 2) †¢ se appropriate written, oral and presentation skills in the preparation of detailed engineering reports (H3. 2) †¢ investigate the extent of technological change in engineering (H4. 1) †¢ appreciate social, environmental and cultural implications of technological change in engineering and apply them to the analysis of specific problems (H4. 3) †¢ select and use appropriate management and planning skills related to engineering (H5. 2) †¢ demonstrate skills in analysis, synthesis and experimentation related to engineering (H6. 2) Extract from Stage 6 Engineering Studies Syllabus,  © Board of Studies, NSW, 1999.Refer to for original and current documents. ix Indicative time The Prelimin ary course is 120 hours (indicative time) and the HSC course is 120 hours (indicative time). The following table shows the approximate amount of time you should spend on this module. Preliminary modules Percentage of time Approximate number of hours Household appliances 20% 24 hr Landscape products 20% 24 hr Braking systems 20% 24 hr Bio-engineering 20% 24 hr Elective: Irrigation systems 20% 24 hr HSC modules Percentage of time Approximate number of hours Civil structures 20% 24 hr Personal and public transport 20% 24 hr Lifting devices 0% 24 hr Aeronautical engineering 20% 24 hr Telecommunications engineering 20% 24 hr There are five parts in Aeronautical engineering. Each part will require about four to five hours of work. You should aim to complete the module within 20 to 25 hours. x Resource requirements During this module you will need to access a range of resources including: †¢ technical drawing equipment – drawing board, tee square, set squares (30? , 60? , 45? ) , protractor, pencils (0. 5 mm mechanical pencil with B lead), eraser, pair of compasses, pair of dividers †¢ calculator †¢ rule †¢ thumb tack or pin †¢ small sheet of thin cardboard pair of scissors †¢ cotton reel. xi xii Icons As you work through this module you will see symbols known as icons. The purpose of these icons is to gain your attention and to indicate particular types of tasks you need to complete in this module. The list below shows the icons and outlines the types of tasks for Stage 6 Engineering studies. Computer This icon indicates tasks such as researching using an electronic database or calculating using a spreadsheet. Danger This icon indicates tasks which may present a danger and to proceed with care. Discuss This icon indicates tasks such as discussing a point or ebating an issue. Examine This icon indicates tasks such as reading an article or watching a video. Hands on This icon indicates tasks such as collecting data or conducting exp eriments. Respond This icon indicates the need to write a response or draw an object. Think This icon indicates tasks such as reflecting on your experience or picturing yourself in a situation. xiii Return This icon indicates exercises for you to return to your teacher when you have completed the part. (OTEN OLP students will need to refer to their Learner's Guide for instructions on which exercises to return). xiv GlossaryAs you work through the module you will encounter a range of terms that have specific meanings. The first time a term occurs in the text it will appear in bold. The list below explains the terms you will encounter in this module. aerofoil any surface such as a wing, aileron, or stabiliser, designed to help in lifting or controlling an aircraft aileron special purpose hinged flap on the rear edge of a wing designed to control sideways balance autogyro early form of helicopter with a propeller and freely rotating horizontal vanes biplane aeroplane with two sets of w ings, one above the other cambered arched or curved upwards in the middle oncurrent passing through the same point, foe example, a number of forces are concurrent if an extension of the lines representing their directions all cross at the same point cowling removable cover on aircraft engine drag the force, due to the relative airflow, exerted on an aeroplane and tending to reduce its forward motion elevator a hinged, horizontal surface on an aeroplane, generally located at the tail end of the fuselage and used to control the forward/backward tilt empirical data information from experience or experiment, not from any scientific or theoretical deduction fatigue the condition of having experienced many cycles or epeated applications of stress that is lower than would normally be required to cause failure, but can cause failure under these conditions flap hinged or sliding section on the rear edge of a wing designed to control lift xv fuselage gyro gyroscopic device for keeping an obje ct, such as a rocket, in stable controlled flight ICBM missile designed to deliver a warhead from one continent to another interplanetary between planets, from planet to planet Mach 5 A speed that is five times the speed of sound at the particular altitude (the speed of sound at sea level is approximately 380 meters per second or 1370 kmph) oment a force that tends to cause rotation because the object is fixed in position at one point or because the force is not applied at the centre of gravity monoplane aeroplane with one set of wings nacelle outer casing of an aeroplane’s engine orbit path of one body around another body under the influence of gravity payload weight being carried pitch angle that a propeller or rotor blade makes with the air passing over it pressurisation increasing the air pressure in an aircraft cabin as altitude increases and the air pressure outside is too low for breathing radar radio distance and ranging – an instrument to allow light when ther e is no visibility retrofit to incorporate new parts and changes into old models riveting a method for joining solid sheet materials to a firm support rotors the rotating blades on a helicopter that act as propeller and wing rudder broad flat wooden or metal piece hinged to the rear of an aeroplane for steering satellite a body revolving in some fixed path around another body shot xvi body of aeroplane Consists of small pellets; in shot-peening these are ‘fired’ onto a surface spar a stout pole such as those used for masts or booms etc on a boat. Also the main member of the wing frame in an aeroplane stall hen an aircraft loses lift, usually due to loss of relative air speed, and is in danger of falling streamlined made to a shape calculated to cause the least resistance to motion supercharger a device to force air into an aeroplane engine with pressure to overcome the reduction in atmospheric pressure at high altitudes and so maintain engine power as the aircraft climb s triplane an aeroplane with three sets of wings arranged one above the other wind tunnel a box or tube designed to drive a moving stream of air around an object or a scaled model of the object within it to determine the behaviour of the object in an airstream aw the motion of an aircraft about it's vertical axis xvii xviii Directive terms The list below explains key words you will encounter in assessment tasks and examination questions. account account for: state reasons for, report on; give an account of: narrate a series of events or transactions analyse identify components and the relationship between them, draw out and relate implications apply use, utilise, employ in a particular situation appreciate make a judgement about the value of assess make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes, results or size calculate ascertain/determine from given facts, figures or information larify make clear or plain classify arrange or include in classes/categories compare show how things are similar or different construct make, build, put together items or arguments contrast show how things are different or opposite critically (analyse/evaluate) add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge and understanding, logic, questioning, reflection and quality to (analysis/evaluation) deduce draw conclusions define state meaning and identify essential qualities demonstrate show by example xix describe provide characteristics and features discuss identify issues and provide points for and/or against distinguish ecognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from; to note differences between evaluate make a judgement based on criteria; determine the value of examine inquire into explain relate cause and effect; make the relationships between things evident; provide why and/or how extract choose relevant and/or appropriate details extrapolate infer from what is known identify recognise and name interpret draw meaning from investigate plan, inquire into and draw conc lusions about justify support an argument or conclusion outline sketch in general terms; indicate the main features of predict suggest what may happen based on available nformation propose put forward (for example a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion) for consideration or action recall present remembered ideas, facts or experiences recommend provide reasons in favour recount retell a series of events summarise express, concisely, the relevant details synthesise putting together various elements to make a whole Extract from The New Higher School Certificate Assessment Support Document,  © Board of Studies, NSW, 1999. Refer to for original and current documents. xx Aeronautical engineering Part 1: Aeronautical engineering – scope of the profession & engineering reportPart 1 contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 What will you learn?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Scope of aeronautical engineering†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Unique technologies in aeronautical engineering †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Current projects or innovations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 26 Health and safety issues †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 31 Training for the profession†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Careers in aeronautical engineering†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 37 Relations with the community †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 40 Legal and ethical issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 45 Engineers as managers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 46 The engineering report †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 49 Structure of a focus engineering report †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 49 Sample engineering report †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 51Exercise sheet †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 61 Progress check †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 63 Exercise cover sheet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 65 Part 1: Aeronautical engineering – scope and engineering report 1 Arial Arial bold Introduction The purpose of this part is to introduce you to the scope and nature of the aeronautical engineering profession. What will you learn? You will learn about: †¢ the nature and scope of the aeronautical engineering profession †¢ current projects and innova tions health and safety issues †¢ training for the profession †¢ career prospects †¢ unique technologies in the profession †¢ legal and ethical implications †¢ engineers as managers †¢ relations with the community. You will learn to: †¢ define the responsibilities of the aeronautical engineer †¢ describe the nature of work done in this profession †¢ examine projects and innovations from within the aeronautical profession †¢ analyse the training and career prospects within aeronautical engineering. Extract from Stage 6 Engineering Studies Syllabus,  © Board of Studies, NSW, 1999. Refer to for original and current documents. 2Aeronautical engineering Scope  of  aeronautical  engineering Today, you would pay little attention to the sound of an over-flying aircraft, that is, if you noticed it at all. Yet less than ninety years ago everyone around you would have looked skyward and wondered in awe at the sight. The aircraft of 90 y ears ago was not the sophisticated unit that you may see in the sky today. They were a combination of timber, wire, fabric and a crude engine or two, flown on a ‘wing and a prayer’. The designers of these aircraft were not aeronautical engineers as such. More often than not they were scientists or enthusiastic amateurs.The little knowledge they did possess was the collected result of a variety of experiments with kites and models conducted during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Often the over enthusiastic and over confident experimenters piloted their less than airworthy designs to an early grave. Could this have been a form of natural selection? Many early workers used the empirical data collected from these many failures and a few successes to develop the first working aircraft. This was not always done with reference to pure theory and equations. Basically the cambered wing at a suitable angle of attack appeared to give good lift.Consequently many aircraft experiment ers chose to concentrate on the cambered wing and other ideas that ‘seemed to be a good idea at the time’. However, scientists such as Dr Lancaster had developed and confirmed mathematical theories for phenomena such as lift generation and induced drag well before the Wright Brothers first flew an aircraft. Today’s aeronautical engineers still use models. The test pilot still has to be the first person to pilot the aircraft. However, the Concord and the FA 18 Hornet, could not be designed without extensive reference to aeronautical theory and use of sophisticated calculation.The test pilot will have already flown many hours in a flight simulator which emulates the predicted in-flight characteristics of the new aircraft. This then is the domain of the aeronautical engineer. Part 1: Aeronautical engineering – scope and engineering report 3 Arial Arial bold List the general areas of knowledge that you think a team of aeronautical engineers would need to posse ss to design and build a complete aircraft. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Did you answer? †¢ aerodynamics †¢ electrical and electronic systems †¢ materials technology †¢ hydraulics †¢ fuel engines and propulsion systems †¢ structural mechanics †¢ drawing and drafting skills. Before venturing further into the day to day complexities of being an aeronautical engineer you should take a step back to consider the aircraft as an engineered system. Aerodynamics An aircraft is not just a wing with a powerful jet engine strapped to it. Moreover it is the product of a combined effort by hundreds of individual designers and engineers working toward a common goal.As aircraft grow more sophisticated no one person can fully understand every detail that goes int o an aircraft’s design. An aircraft before all other considerations is an aerodynamic entity. It is held aloft by the lift forces generated by the camber and angle of attack of the wing. It is restrained by drag forces created by form and shape of the aircraft and induced through the process of generating lift. The everpresent pull of gravity will eventually pull all aircraft back to earth. The movement of air around an aircraft is a complex thing to understand and at times it is difficult to predict.Aerodynamic theory helps predict the movement of air and the amount of lift generated but it is only a starting point. 4 Aeronautical engineering Aerodynamics is a major concern of aeronautical engineers but there are other equally important aspects to the profession. Reel tricky You will need: †¢ a thumb tack or pin from the sewing cabinet †¢ a small sheet of thin cardboard †¢ a drawing compass and a pair of scissors. †¢ a cotton reel from the same place that you found the pin. Carry out the following steps: 1 draw an 80 mm diameter circle on the cardboard, then cut out the circle using the scissors 2 ush the thumb tack or pin through the center of the cardboard disc so that the pointy end goes through as far as it can go 3 pick up the cotton reel, place the pointy end of the tack or pin into the hole on the bottom side of the cotton reel and hold the disk in place with your finger 4 blow through the top of the cotton reel and let go of the disk while you are still blowing. Blow Cotton reel Pin Cardboard disk Figure 1. 1 The disk on the cotton reel trick Part 1: Aeronautical engineering – scope and engineering report 5 Arial Arial bold The disk should have remained in position until you stopped blowing.When you stopped blowing the disk should have fallen down. Explain why the disk behaved the way it did. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _________ _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Did you answer? Air moving over the disk had velocity and therefore a dynamic pressure component. Benoulli’s predictions on total pressure would indicate that the static pressure above the disk in the moving air would therefore be lower than the pressure below the disk in still air, therefore the disk experiences ‘lift’. (The disk is pushed upwards by the higher pressure beneath it. ) 6 Aeronautical engineering Propulsion systems An aircraft requires a propulsion system to provide thrust (or in the case of a g lider, a launching system to get it into the air in the first place).An engineer will have to decide the best combination of engine and thrust device to attach to an aircraft. Identify engine types and thrust devices that are used on new or old aircraft. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Did you answer? Some of the engine types and thrust devices you may have identified include; internal combustion engine, jet engine, turbine, radial, propeller, fan, rotor and rocket.You will hear more of propulsion systems in the mechanics and hydraulics part of this module. Stress-n-Strain Aeronautical engineers who design superbly aerodynamic aircraft that crash and burn because the wings fall off will not lead a successful career. The aeronautical engineer has to calculate and consider the forces present in all components of the aircraft. They then have to predict whether the material that the components are manufactured from will sustain that load without failure. This prediction must be for the full service life of the aircraft.If a component is predicted to fail within the service life of the aircraft, the engineer will mandate when that component must be periodically replaced. The piston engines in light aircraft usually have a minor service after 100 hours operating time and a major service every 1000 hours operating time. A major service will involve a full strip-down of the engine. Many components, for example pistons, must be replaced whether or not they appear to be in serviceable condition. Other components will be subjected to testing. Part 1: Aeronautical engineering – scope and engineering report 7 Arial Arial boldMaterials Linked to considerations of structural forces are the consideration and selection of appropriate materials. An aeronautical engineer will need to have a good knowledge of the manufacturing and service properties of the materials used on aircraft. An aircraft operates in a harsh environment. During any flight an aircraft is subjected to constant vibration, to stresses due to turbulence, to cyclic pressurisation and depressurisation of the cabin, to moisture and to wide fluctuations of temperature. The temperature on the ground may be 36? C while at 38 000 feet it may be –60 °C.Materials selected must first be readily formed in the shapes required and must secondly be suited to the service conditions. Predict or identify any materials based problems that might occur due to the harsh environment that the aircraft is subject to. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Did you answer? †¢ brittleness at low tempe rature †¢ fatigue due to repeated cycles of stress crack propagation under high stresses, vibration, temperature changes †¢ corrosion due to continuous exposure to the elements †¢ failure under impact †¢ loss of strength at high temperature. Avionics and electrical Modern aircraft depend on many electronic systems to safely complete their flights. The flight deck instruments, navigation systems, the actuation of aerodynamic surfaces, the landing and autopilot systems are now controlled by electronics and micro-processor systems. The design and implementation of avionics is the realm of another engineer, the electrical or electronic engineer.The aeronautical engineer must however be aware of the impact of these systems when designing an aircraft. 8 Aeronautical engineering Control systems and hydraulics The control surfaces of aircraft; elevators, ailerons, rudders and flaps need to move in response to pilot inputs on the control column and rudder pedals. In light aircraft this is achieved using wires and rods. In large commercial jets this is done with hydraulic systems connected to electronic or hydraulic controllers. Cowl Cockpit/cabin Spinner Prop Wing tip Aileron Flaps Fuselage Tailplane Elevator Trim tab Fin and rudder Figure 1. Main parts on an aeroplane If you have access to the Internet visit this Sydney University web site is an excellent source for additional aeronautics information (accessed 30. 10. 01). Part 1: Aeronautical engineering – scope and engineering report 9 Arial Arial bold Unique technologies in aeronautical engineering Many of the technologies found in the aeronautical engineering profession are not unique in the sense that they are solely found and used in this discipline. The technologies used by the aeronautics industry are also found in industries that deal with similar problems and issues.For instance, if you were to design a high technology, 18 foot racing skiff, you would need to consider and use many of the technologies available in the aeronautics industry, excluding perhaps the requirement for the vessel to fly. Can you identify any technologies that you believe overlap between aeronautics and boat-building industries? Consider the major areas of emphasis in this course; history, materials, mechanics and communication. List the technologies that you believe overlap between the aircraft industry and the construction of high tech boats. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Did you answer? †¢ materials – such as graphite and kevlar and aluminium alloys †¢ computerised design and drawing systems †¢ wind tunnel testing of airframes and sails †¢ computerised calculation systems. Aircraft design Aircraft design is primarily concerned with flight and how to achiev e this condition safely and efficiently. Basically an aircraft must be aerodynamically sound – have lots of lift and minimal drag.The aircraft must also be as light as possible to maximize its payload and to allow it to get off the ground in the first place. The materials must be suited to the operating conditions and the environment and remain in good condition for the expected service life of the aircraft. 10 Aeronautical engineering The aircraft must also be structurally sound. The stresses in the components must not exceed the component's safe working limits. Nothing ruins a pilot’s day more than having the wings fold up in a tight turn! Finally, aircraft components are often sourced from manufacturers from all over the world.To ensure that it all goes together when all the parts arrive, very accurate and detailed drawings are required by each component manufacturer. These have to be drawn to internationally accepted standards. So, you ask, what has all this got to do with weekend sailors and flimsy boats? Skiff design A sailing skiff, aside from any other considerations, must use wind and air to drive it. A close inspection of a sail in operation will reveal that the sail is in fact a curved aerofoil not a flat sheet of sailcloth. You would notice this particularly on the sail of a windsurfer.The sail develops lift just as does the wing of an aircraft. The hull of the skiff moves through a fluid that you refer to as water. A badly designed hull generates a large amount of drag that slows the skiff down. The skipper usually comments loudly about this situation as better-designed skiffs race past on their way to the finish line. Many designers of modern racing skiffs use sophisticated fluid dynamics software to assist in designing both hull and sails. Similarly, these same designers are concerned with the two competing virtues of low weight and structural strength.In Auckland, in 1995, the America’s cup challenger ‘One Australiaâ €™ broke into two reasonably large but none-the-less rapidly sinking pieces. This was a perfect example of poor strength to weight analysis. Put simply, the structural forces imposed on the hull exceeded the strength of the hull material. The designer sacrificed strength to obtain a lighter hull and paid the price. The strength and modulus of light weight materials such as marine and aircraft grade aluminium, carbon fibre composites and Kevlar are compared to complex mechanical analyses of the hull, spar and sail design. Again software solutions exist and are utilized.The skiff’s final drawings and component shapes may be drawn by hand. Often the drawings are produced using common, off the shelf CAD programs or perhaps specialist lofting software designed for the marine industry. Part 1: Aeronautical engineering – scope and engineering report 11 Arial Arial bold As you can see, the technologies in two seemingly unrelated industries are similar in nature and do over lap. However, the aeronautical engineering profession is distinct in some very significant ways: †¢ The scale of operations and the shear complexity of the calculations involved in aeronautical engineering are infinitely greater. †¢The aircraft industry uses and often develops leading edge technology. Leading edge technology is usually very expensive. Industries such as the manufacturers of small boats tend to acquire this technology when it is more established and the cost of the new technology is more affordable. More about aeronautical engineering technologies You will now learn more about some of the leading edge technologies associated with the aircraft industry. The technologies tend to fall into two broad areas; those technologies used to design the aircraft, and those technologies associated with the materials manufacturing aspects of aircraft.Aircraft design technologies Throughout this course you have been involved in calculating forces, reactions, moments and st ress in two dimensions and only on flat or uniform surfaces. At times you may have considered the calculations a little difficult. Consider then the degree of difficulty that would be involved if you now had to calculate forces and moments in three dimensions, on curved surfaces with loads that fluctuated and using calculus that Extension 2 (4 Unit) mathematics does not cover. Does this conjure up an image in your mind?Now imagine applying similarly difficult calculations to more than a thousand points across a single wing. Are you now thinking that this is getting a little difficult? A modern jet aircraft may contain over a million individual components and someone has to draw each and every one of them. Again, just to make things difficult virtually every component is curved in some special and very critical way. Imagine the most difficult drawing that you have done so far in this course, then multiply the degree of difficulty by ten. Then repeat the drawing several thousand times . Starting to get the picture yet! 12Aeronautical engineering List some systems and products that exist to reduce the difficulty and complexity of designing modern jet aircraft. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Did you answer? One of the most significant is computerised design and calculation software. Others include ‘off the shelf’ systems for navigation, communication and cockpit management. The bad newsAll aeronautical engineers have to learn and understand how to do these difficult calculations. They have to use their brain, some mathematics and a calculator. Aspiring aeronautical engineers soon encounter the complexities of computational analysis (difficult mathematics). They will see a lot more calculation before their aeronautical engineering course finally ends. The good news There are software tools available to assist the engineer in the design process. To use these software tools effectively and correctly the engineer must first understand the underlying mathematics and theory on which these programs are based.That is, you must be able to understand and do the mathematics before using the program. You will now examine four common categories of aircraft design software: †¢ structural analysis software †¢ modeling software †¢ aerodynamic calculation software †¢ CAD software. Part 1: Aeronautical engineering – scope and engineering report 13 Arial Arial bold Structural analysis software The structural analysis of an aircraft is a complex problem. There are not many straight lines involved, virtually every component is curved, even the ones that look straight are usually curved. The loading is not uniform, it varies from point to point.In other words, the l oads and stresses will vary infinitely across the components being analysed. An infinite number of equations could take quite some time. The solution is really quite straight-forward. If an engineer intends to examine the forces, stresses and moments in an aircraft wing, the wing can be mathematically broken up into a large number of sections referred to as elements. The conditions in each element are then examined. The results from each element are combined together to produce a distribution of forces, stresses and moments across the wing. The number of elements considered in this procedure is finite.There is an upper limit to the number of elements to be analysed. This mathematical process is called ‘finite element analysis’. The industry abbreviates this to FEA. Finite element analysis is a very powerful tool but is very slow when done by hand. A very popular finite element software (FEA) package in the aircraft industry is called NASTRAN. This package falls into the category of a computer aided engineering software (CAE) tool. NASTRAN is a high end software tool for critical engineering applications. It is capable of stress, vibration, heat transfer, acoustic and aeroelastic analysis. If you have access to the Internet visit .Select the appropriate option from the software section of the directory to find out more about NASTRAN (accessed 06. 11. 01). Modeling software The production and testing of physical working models is a costly and time consuming activity. An activity that is closely related to finite element analysis is ‘finite element modeling’. In the aeronautical engineering industry ‘finite element modeling’ is abbreviated to FEM. Using finite element modeling software, an engineer can construct models using computer aided design (CAD) parts, submit the models for simulation and observe the behavior of the model under simulation.The results can be used to modify and improve the product designs to yield bette r performance and to better resist loads. A high end finite element modeling program that is commonly used in the aeronautical engineering industry is PATRAN. This product is 14 Aeronautical engineering produced by MSC, the same company that produces the analysis package NASTRAN. Figure 1. 3 was produced by the Page Aircraft Company Pty Ltd using the finite element modeling package PATRAN. This company is associated with the University of NSW and is currently developing a light aircraft that it hopes to put into full commercial production.You can find out more about PATRAN at . Figure 1. 3 A PATRAN generated image of an aircraft under development  © Reproduced with the permission of the Page Aircraft Company Pty Ltd Aerodynamic calculation and modeling software Aerodynamics is concerned primarily with the flow of air and the interaction of that air with objects that it encounters. Aeronautical engineers are usually concerned with the interaction of an aircraft’s outer surfa ces with the air through which the aircraft moves. ‘CFD' calculations can help to predict the lift and drag levels for a particular airframe as well as stall and other performance characteristics.Air is considered to be a fluid and the mathematical processes involved in predicting the behaviour of the air is called computational fluid Part 1: Aeronautical engineering – scope and engineering report 15 Arial Arial bold dynamics or CFD for short. The mathematics involved is complex but again there is software available which can carry out these calculations. Outline a practical way in which an aeronautical engineer could visualize the flow of air around an aircraft without using software. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Did you answer? The flow of air around an aircraft can be observed using a wind tunnel where wind is pushed over a model with smoke streams passing over it. An industry standard software package commonly used by aeronautical engineers is VSAERO. This package allows an engineer to input the surface geometry of an aircraft. The surface geometry is simply the outside shape of the aircraft.The engineer can also input reference conditions such as velocity of the air, angle of attack of the wing and yaw. The package will then calculate and display the predicted behaviour of the air around the aircraft. If you have access to the Internet visit . Under products there is a graphic showing an image of the C-130, the Hercules transport aircraft used by the Australian military at present. Take a close look at what is happening to the wingtips (accessed 30. 10. 01). If you have access to the Internet visit to view a photograph of a real C-130 activating anti missile flares (accessed 30. 10. 1). Computer aided design The last type of software packag e that you need to learn about are the computer aided design (CAD) drawing packages. You’re probably familiar with one of the CAD packages available for use on personal computers. These include Autocad Light, Autosketch and TurboCAD. These packages vary in power and are fine for standard drawing applications such as architecture and medium scale manufacturing. The aeronautics industry uses specialist CAD packages which fit the industry’s need to produce drawings of complex surface shapes and 16 Aeronautical engineering curved components.They also use state of the art, multiple processor workstations with large screen monitors for speed and ease of viewing. The large monitors reduce eye-strain and allow more of each drawing to be displayed. CAD software packages currently used by many aeronautical engineering companies include CATIA and CADDS 5. The CATIA package is promoted as CAD/CAM/CAE package. CATIA can be used solely for drawing and designing. However, it can also be used for CAM (computer aided manufacturing) and CAE applications. If you have Internet access visit to find out more about CATIA (accessed 30. 10. 1). Figure 1. 4 Image produced by the Page Aircraft Company Pty Ltd using CATIA software. The aircraft shown is currently under development  © Reproduced with the permission of the Page Aircraft Company Pty Ltd Wind tunnels To this point all the development tools have been based on computer software. In the aerodynamic calculation and modeling section you were asked to suggest a method of assessing the aerodynamic behaviour of an aircraft without using computers. Many successful aircraft have been developed without the aid of modern computers. In fact the computer models are not perfect.The information provided by computer analysis is usually valid but does not exactly predict the behaviour of a real aircraft. Part 1: Aeronautical engineering – scope and engineering report 17 Arial Arial bold Why do you think this is so? ____ ______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Did you answer? Computer output is based on computational methods that have been programmed into the computer.These computational methods are based on theoretical analyses of conditions. Variables are input to reflect real situations and conditions as much as possible but can never predict the precise conditions that exist. Input into a computer is based on precise or perfect data, the behaviour of materials, fluids and the like is not necessarily perfect. The output from a computer program is based purely on the input. Another method of assessing an aircraft design is to construct a very accurate scale model then subject the model to wind tunnel testing.Wind tunnel testing does not exactly predict the behaviour of a real, fullsize aircraft flying in open air. However, when scale effect corrections are applied valid data can be obtained. Model boats on ponds do not behave like real ships, the forces and accelerations are all out of proportion. They bounce around like corks. Similarly model aircraft in wind tunnels do not behave like real aircraft. There are several reasons for this. It is difficult to make accurate models. The sides of the wind tunnel constrain the air-flow. Most seriously, the model is flown in full size air not ‘model size’ air.This is known as the scale effect. Larger size models in larger size wind tunnels give the most meaningful data. The most sophisticated wind tunnels actually compress the air at up to 25 atmospheres to correct for scale effect. Most aircraft design is based on both CFD and wind tunnel analysis. This is because neither system gives perfect results. The following photograph shows a model under test in a wind tunnel at the University of NSW. 18 Aeronautical engineering Figure 1. 5 A model aircraft being tested in a wind tunnel  © Reproduced with the permission of the Page Aircraft Company Pty LtdManufacturing technologies and systems unique to the aeronautics industry Aeronautical engineers also deal with materials and manufacturing processes that are highly specialized in their nature and could be considered unique. The materials used for aircraft manufacture need to possess very special manufacturing and service properties. List five properties which you believe are important for materials used in aircraft manufacture and construction. Give your reasons for each choice. Property Reason why it is important Part 1: Aeronautical engineering – scope and engineering report 19 Arial Arial bold Did you answer?Property Reason why it is important Low fatigue aircraft vibration can cause fatigue failures High strength to weight lower the overall weight Corrosion resistance resist harsh operating conditions Ductility (before forming) Provide for forming of c omplex shapes Elasticity allow the aircraft to flex Later, in the materials section of this module you will investigate the materials commonly used in the aircraft manufacturing industry. This section is more concerned with the technologies used when dealing with these materials. Advanced composite materials Two commonly used materials are aluminium and carbon fibre